Jared is conducting an experiment with ESP (extrasensory perception) training. He begins with a pretest of his 40 participants a
nd divides them into two groups based on their scores. The participants with the 20 lowest scores are given extensive training on how to detect the signals. The participants with the 20 highest scores are given no training. Both groups are retested and the average score of the participants with the training improved. Why can't Jared conclude that the training caused the difference? a. testing effect
Testing effect is a type of threat to internal validity of an experiment. Internal validity is assessing whether a factor makes a difference in an experiment or not and if it does, whether there is adequate evidence to support this correlation.
Testing as a threat to internal validity is when a second test is taken on the outcome of a first test. Other internal validity threats are history, maturation, instrument modifications.
Answer: Sunni: they supported the Umayyads, Most Muslims belong to this group, and all can read and interpret the qur'an. Shi'a: They opposed the umayyads, imams read and interpret the qur'an, and only certain Muslims should lead
