f(x) + n - translate the graph n units up
f(x) - n - translate the graph n units down
f(x + n) - translate the graph n units left
f(x - n) - translate the graph n units right
nf(x) - dilation of the graph along the Oy axis and the scale n
f(nx) - dilation of the graph along the Ox axis and the scale 1/n
-f(x) - symmetry of the graph with respect to the Ox axis
f(-x) - symmetry of the graph with respect to the Oy axis
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