Migration increased the slum areas in cities which increase many problems such as unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution etc. Sometimes migrants are exploited. Migration is one of the main causes of increasing nuclear family where children grow up without a wider family circle.
The statement above is talking about the Drive Reduction Theory. This theory, proposed by Clark Hull in 1943, talks about a certain drive that develops when a disturbance occurs in an individual's homeostasis or simply put, when someone has physical needs that need to be met.
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Will The Middle East is the nick name for North and I think it is the same for Southwest
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The best option is D. decreasing costs while increasing positive consequences