Answer:
Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.
Explanation:
The innate immune response is the non-specific immune response and serves to provide an immediate and general immune response. The adaptive immune responses are the specific immune responses. Adaptive immune responses include cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.
Cell-mediated immunity includes T cells (cytotoxic and helper T cells) while antibody-mediated immunity includes the production of antibodies from B cells. Binding of antigen to B cells is followed by their transformation into plasma cells and produce antibodies. Some of the activated B cells form memory B cells that are responsible for quicker and strong secondary immune responses.
The best answer is D.
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted mostly into blood and also extracellular fluid by specialized tissue of the endocrine system and affect the functioning of other tissues or cells.
Most hormones circulate in blood and come in contact with essentially all cells, but a particular hormone will only affect a limited number of cells, which are termed as target cells to that hormone.
A target cell responds to a particular hormone because it bears receptors for that hormone.
For example the red blood cells have receptors for the hormone called insulin which is produced by the pancreas. The red cells are able to take in glucose when their receptors bind to insulin.
Answer:
So where then did all the carbon that living organisms are built of come from? It turns out that most of the carbon we use today came from a collision with another smallish planet about 4.4 billion years ago.
Answer:
Glucose is quickly broken down by liver and muscle cells to provide energy, which demonstrates that its type of chemical bonds is related to its function.
