Answer:
b. The rats press the lever least when cocaine is presented.
Explanation:
Reinforcement or reward refers to the physiological processes by which a given behavior, such as drug use, becomes habitual. This occurs when neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after drug use.
In tobacco, nicotine is the main component triggering of the reinforcement. Once inside the brain, nicotine activates nicotinic receptors, which in turn contributes to the reinforcement mechanism. Following repeated exposure to nicotine, a neuroadaptation process is established for some (but not all) effects of nicotine. Increased brain nAChRs (acetylcoline receptors) are observed in response to desensitization of these nicotine-mediated receptors. This desensitization can play an important role in the development of tolerance and dependence.
The fact that nicotine is a weak reinforcer, means that maybe the rat already had an neuroadaptation with this drug, not feeling anything with this drug anymore, and thats why he would prefer other drug, like cocaine, pressing the lever of nicotine less often.
C. Try to listen to what his friend needs
Answer:
Clinicians and health care staff work tirelessly to care for their patients in an ... ensuring that patients can find the right care for their individual characteristics, needs, ... and costs, identifying the most valuable intervention for each patient requires ... a chronic condition, provide patients with support and follow-up opportunities, ...
Explanation:
Clinicians and health care staff work tirelessly to care for their patients in an ... ensuring that patients can find the right care for their individual characteristics, needs, ... and costs, identifying the most valuable intervention for each patient requires ... a chronic condition, provide patients with support and follow-up opportunities, ...
Answer:B cells
Explanation:
Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) called B cells. Each B cell can only produce antibodies against one specific epitope. When activated, a B cell will multiply to produce more clones able secrete that particular antibody.
Hope this helps ツ
