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Eduardwww [97]
3 years ago
9

Atp serves as a common energy source for organisms because

Biology
1 answer:
Talja [164]3 years ago
5 0

Answer:

The reasons why Adenosine Triphosphate is a common energy source for all organisms is that: 1. It is a high-energy molecule  2. ATP has an unstable structure compared to other high-energy molecules. 3. ATP has  higher potential to transfer phosphate group.

Explanation:

The transfer of phosphate group from high energy molecule like the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) usually release energy that is required by most of cellular activities, thus this dephosphorylation process is an exergonic reaction. While other molecules like the GTP can give energy, these molecules are more stable structurally and breaking them down will not by energetically wise, thus there is need to use a less stable high energy molecules like the ATP which have the potential of releasing their phosphate radical more easily. This is the reason why all organisms make use of the ATP molecule as the only energy source.

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The structure and function of mitochondria are often used as support for the endosymbiotic theory. Describe two of these propert
GREYUIT [131]
Mitochondria are made from the process called binary fission. This is the cell division utilized by the prokaryotes. It also has circular DNA that is similar in both size and structure in prokaryotic cells. Mitochondria also has its own DNA different than the DNA found in the nucleus of a cell.
3 0
3 years ago
What role can exosomes play in disease treatment? who can tell me detailed information? Any help would be appreciated. Thanks in
jolli1 [7]

Answer:

Exosomes as Therapeutic Target

Given the fact that elevated exosome levels are often correlated with greater severity of different types of cancer, reducing circulating exosomes to normal levels is one of therapeutic strategies to increase treatment efficacy. There are different approaches to modulate exosome production: 1) Inhibition of exosome formation: inhibit crucial proteins involved in exosome formation pathway; 2) Inhibition of exosome release: inhibit important regulators of exosome release process, increased intracellular Ca2+, change cellular microenvironmental pH; 3) Inhibition of exosome uptake: add proteinase for surface proteins on exosomes may serve as receptors for uptake pathways. In addition to control exosomes production, removal of exosomes from the entire circulatory system might be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.

Exosomes could also be used as cancer immunotherapy becasue tumor-derived exosomes carry antigens that is a great source of specific stimulus for the immune response against tumors. Both tumor-derived and dendritic cell-derived exosomes have showed capability to stimulate tumor antigen-specific responses in experimental animal models and human clinical trials.

Exosomes as Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles

Exosomes became one of the most common methods applied in drug delivery system because of several advantages they have. Firstly, exosomes normally have a small size 40-100 nm, which is more homogenous compared to other microvesicles. This will lead them to evade rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte and enhances passage through fenestrations in the vessel wall. Secondly, due to their endogenous origin, they are less toxic for and better tolerated by the immune system. It facilitates them to avoid causing side effects that normally occur with synthetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific ligand or protein expressed on the exosome surface increases efficiency of cargo into the cytosol of the target cell, and therefore fewer off-target effects. Exosomes are generally found most useful as a drug delivery medium in cancer therapy, anti-inflammation and gene interference therapy such as transferring of miRNA.

There are different kinds of cargos encapsulated by exosomes, especially like siRNA or miRNA. The delivery of RNA is attracting because they are rapid degradation in cell circulation and have the limitation in passing through the membrane and in cellular uptake. Chemotherapeutics loaded into exosomes is also used for cancer therapy such as doxorubicin. In principle, there are four key components to achieve correct functionality and efficacy during exosomes drug delivery:1) Choosing the donor cell type to produce drug-carrying exosomes; 2) Using correspond methods to encapsulate the exosomes cargo; 3) Enhancing the specificity of cargo delivery by targeting peptides on the surface of the exosomes; 4) Administrating exosomes to target the area of disease.

Explanation:

https://www.creative-biostructure.com/exosome-applications-652.htm

5 0
2 years ago
What are the five parts of skill related fitness. Please select all 5 below. Question 1 options: Speed Muscular Strength Coordin
Goryan [66]

Answer:

There are only four parts of skill related fitness in the options; they are:

Speed

Agility

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Explanation:

Physical fitness refers to the ability to perform physical activities well without fatigue. In other words, being physically fit refers to a state of general wellbeing. Physical fitness can either be health-related or skill-related. The skill-related components are six in number viz: agility, power, balance, coordination, speed and reaction time.

However, only four of these skill-related parts of physical fitness are mentioned in the options of this question. They are:

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7 0
3 years ago
Bacteria can be described as:
Charra [1.4K]
Most likely A from my point of view
5 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
1) Na abertura das Olimpíadas de 2016, realizada no Maracanã, cada um dos atletas recebeu uma semente de uma árvore nativa do Br
s344n2d4d5 [400]

Answer:

b) estrutura que se desenvolveu do ovário e contém o embrião e reserva de alimento.

Explanation:

As sementes são formadas quando o pólen do estame se funde com os óvulos do carpelo. Existem duas porções de semente i. e. uma é a parte viva conhecida como embrião, enquanto a outra é a parte não viva conhecida como endosperma. O embrião é a planta bebê, enquanto o endosperma é o alimento armazenado de que a planta bebê necessita para seu crescimento e desenvolvimento no processo de germinação.re

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