<span>Rhabdomyolysis constitutes a common cause of acute renal failure and presents paramount interest. A large variety of causes with different pathogenetic mechanisms can involve skeletal muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis with or without acute renal failure. Crush syndrome, one of the most common causes of rhabdomyolysis presents increased clinical interest, particularly in areas often involved by earthquakes, such as Greece and Turkey. Drug abusers are another sensitive group of young patients prone to rhabdomyolysis, which attracts the clinical interest of a variety of medical specialties.
We herein review the evidence extracted from updated literature concerning the data related to pathogenetic mechanisms and pathophysiology as well as the management of this interesting syndrome.
Keywords: Rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, myoglobin, crush syndrome
The first case of the crush syndrome, which constitutes one of the main causes of rhabdomyolysis, was reported in Sicily in 1908, after an earthquake1,2. In 1930, in the Baltic area, an epidemic of myoglobinuria was observed due to consumption of contaminated fish. Interest in rhabdomyolysis and crash syndrome was stimulated during the World War II particularly after the bombing in London, where the victims developed acute renal failure and myoglobinuria1.
Rhabdomyolysis is a rupture (lysis) of skeletal muscles due to drugs, toxins, inherited disorders, infections, trauma and compression3. Lysis of muscle cells releases toxic intracellular components in the systemic circulation which leads to electrolyte disturbances, hypovolemia, metabolic acidocis, coagulation defects and acute renal failure due to myoglobin4.
The skeletal muscle consists of cylindrical myofibrils, which contain variant structural and contraction proteins. Actin and myosin, arranged in thin and thick filaments respectively, form the repeated functional units of contraction, the sarcomeres5. The sarcoplasmic reticulum constitutes an important cellular calcium storage. It is structurally connected to the t-tubules, that are formed by invaginations of the muscle cell plasma membrane, the sarcelemma, around every fibril (Figure 1). After the sarcelemma depolarization, the stimulation arrives, through the t-tubules junctions, at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inducing the calcium ions release and triggering muscle contraction6.</span>
<span>Animals and plants have cells that are specialized by the process of differentiation.</span>
Answer:
D. Inhibits the degradation of 2,3-BPG, thereby increasing its concentration in erythrocytes
Explanation:
A pharmaceutical company trying to develop a drug that improves tissue oxygenation by increasing the percentage of oxygen that is released from hemoglobin during its passage through the capillaries of extrapulmonary tissues. This drug, it is hoped, would become a popular doping agent for athletes.This means that the company should try a drug that Inhibits the degradation of 2,3-BPG( 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate) , thereby increasing its concentration in erythrocytes
Answer:
The HIV genome is originally a RNA based genome.
Explanation:
Human immunodeficiency viruses are the one which infects human over time. The virus infects human body cells and progresses towards immune system failure which creates life threat for a patient. The disease is incurable till date but the effects can be slowed down by the medication and treatments. The disease in contagious and spreads by transfer of infected blood.
