Im not sure cuz why theres O in there? I thought there’s only 4 bases Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine and in RNA there’s Uracil instead of Thymine. Sorry
The answer should be <span>For gripping materials</span>
ANSWER
A water molecule consists of one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms by covalent bonds. Since oxygen is more electronegative as compared to hydrogen atoms, the shared electrons are attracted towards the oxygen atom. This imparts partial negative charge to the oxygen atom and partial positive charge to hydrogen atoms. The overall effect is making the water molecular a polar one. The presence of free hydrogen atoms makes water molecule to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and with other polar molecules.
explanation: what i found on google
Answer: Phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs
Explanation:
TLRs or Toll-like receptors, are a family of proteins that are part of the innate immune system. TLRs are transmembranous and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are groups of chemical characteristics common to certain types of pathogens. Patterns detected by TLRs include lipopolysaccharide, a compound found on the surfaces of Gram-negative bacteria, and double-stranded RNA, which is an integral part of the life cycles of many viruses. These PAMPs are generally important for the survival of the pathogen, so they are well preserved. <u>Activation of these receptors induces inflammatory responses in leukocytes of myeloid lineage, signaling via NF-κB, which is a transcription factor that activates pro-inflammatory genes</u>. Activated TLRs also increase the production of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and CD40. These proteins, expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, are necessary for the activation of T-lymphocytes by dentritic cells and macrophages already showing antigens in their MHC type II molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex, they participate in the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes)
<u>In addition, TLR-mediated signaling on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) plays an important role in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses</u>.
