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inna [77]
3 years ago
12

Use the Trapezoidal Rule, the Midpoint Rule, and Simpson's Rule to approximate the given integral with the specified value of n.

(Round your answers to six decimal places.) π/2 0 3 1 + cos(x) dx, n = 4

Mathematics
1 answer:
Vera_Pavlovna [14]3 years ago
3 0

Split up the integration interval into 4 subintervals:

\left[0,\dfrac\pi8\right],\left[\dfrac\pi8,\dfrac\pi4\right],\left[\dfrac\pi4,\dfrac{3\pi}8\right],\left[\dfrac{3\pi}8,\dfrac\pi2\right]

The left and right endpoints of the i-th subinterval, respectively, are

\ell_i=\dfrac{i-1}4\left(\dfrac\pi2-0\right)=\dfrac{(i-1)\pi}8

r_i=\dfrac i4\left(\dfrac\pi2-0\right)=\dfrac{i\pi}8

for 1\le i\le4, and the respective midpoints are

m_i=\dfrac{\ell_i+r_i}2=\dfrac{(2i-1)\pi}8

  • Trapezoidal rule

We approximate the (signed) area under the curve over each subinterval by

T_i=\dfrac{f(\ell_i)+f(r_i)}2(\ell_i-r_i)

so that

\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac3{1+\cos x}\,\mathrm dx\approx\sum_{i=1}^4T_i\approx\boxed{3.038078}

  • Midpoint rule

We approximate the area for each subinterval by

M_i=f(m_i)(\ell_i-r_i)

so that

\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac3{1+\cos x}\,\mathrm dx\approx\sum_{i=1}^4M_i\approx\boxed{2.981137}

  • Simpson's rule

We first interpolate the integrand over each subinterval by a quadratic polynomial p_i(x), where

p_i(x)=f(\ell_i)\dfrac{(x-m_i)(x-r_i)}{(\ell_i-m_i)(\ell_i-r_i)}+f(m)\dfrac{(x-\ell_i)(x-r_i)}{(m_i-\ell_i)(m_i-r_i)}+f(r_i)\dfrac{(x-\ell_i)(x-m_i)}{(r_i-\ell_i)(r_i-m_i)}

so that

\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac3{1+\cos x}\,\mathrm dx\approx\sum_{i=1}^4\int_{\ell_i}^{r_i}p_i(x)\,\mathrm dx

It so happens that the integral of p_i(x) reduces nicely to the form you're probably more familiar with,

S_i=\displaystyle\int_{\ell_i}^{r_i}p_i(x)\,\mathrm dx=\frac{r_i-\ell_i}6(f(\ell_i)+4f(m_i)+f(r_i))

Then the integral is approximately

\displaystyle\int_0^{\pi/2}\frac3{1+\cos x}\,\mathrm dx\approx\sum_{i=1}^4S_i\approx\boxed{3.000117}

Compare these to the actual value of the integral, 3. I've included plots of the approximations below.

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