After the cerebellum receives proprioceptive information from muscles carrying out a voluntary movement, where does it send corrective feedback to primary motor cortex and cerebral nuclei.
The cerebellum, also known as the corticocerebellum, has a close connection to the regulation of movement timing, rate, range, length, direction, and strength. The cerebellum receives information from the command neurons and also obtains feedback (afferent) from the proprioceptive terminals of the muscles, tendons and joints regarding what the actual movements produce .
All these information are combined and the correction signals are given to the motor cortex. The motor nuclei of the cranial nerves and spinal cord exert the lowest level of motor control. Through the closed feedback loop, this occurs.
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Answer:
<u>Biofilms are</u> defined as complex communities of microorganisms that grow embedded in a self-produced polymeric organic matrix and adhered to a living or inert surface, and that can present a single microbial species or a range of different species
Explanation:
The bacteria that form the biofilm are in what is called sessile form, exhibiting a phenotype different from those of the same cells in unicellular or free form (planktonic form) with respect to the growth rate and gene transcription (Donlan, 2002 ).
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The formation</u> of biofilms is an adaptive strategy of microorganisms, since growth in biofilm offers four important advantages: (I) protects microorganisms from the action of adverse agents, (II) increases the availability of nutrients for their growth, (III) facilitates the use of water, reducing the possibility of dehydration and (IV) enables the transfer of genetic material (DNA). All of these circumstances can increase your survival capabilities. As a consequence, <u>the usual methods of disinfection or the use of antibiotics are often ineffective against biofilm bacteria</u>.
In addition to the risk of contamination, the development of biofilms can interfere with different processes and cause damage to the equipment. In drinking water systems the formation of biofilms can obstruct the pipes reducing their speed and transport capacity causing an increase in energy consumption. The formation of biofilm in heat exchangers and cooling towers can reduce heat transfer and as a consequence its efficiency in the process. The formation of persistent biofilms on metal surfaces can cause corrosion due to acid production by bacteria.
The advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that the organisms produced are each diverse. For example, with bacteria, if each is genetically the same and there is a way to "kill" them, all of them will die. However with sexual reproduction, each organism will be different, and have natural selection, they will build up immunities and grow and change.
