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2 years ago

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On one highway, Gabriela noticed that they passed mile marker 123 at 1:00. She then saw that they reached mile marker 277at 3:00

. Since Mr. Morales was driving at a constant speed, their mile-marker location over time can be represented by a line where the time in hours is the independent variable and the mile marker is the dependent variable. The points (1,123) and (3,277) are two points on this line.
What is the value of the slope of this line?

1 answer:

Elena L [17]2 years ago

6 0

<u>Given</u>:

Let time be the independent variable.

Let mile marker be the dependent variable.

On one highway, Gabriela noticed that they passed mile marker 123 at 1:00. She then saw that they reached mile marker 277 at 3:00 and Mr. Morales was driving at a constant speed.

The coordinates of the points on this line are (1,123) and (3,277)

We need to determine the slope of the line.

<u>Slope of the line:</u>

The slope of the line can be determined using the formula,

$m=\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$

Substituting the points (1,123) and (3,277) in the above formula, we get;

$m=\frac{277-123}{3-2}$

$m=\frac{154}{1}$

$m=154$

Therefore, the value of the slope of this line is 154.

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Let's start from what we know.

$(1)\qquad\sum\limits_{k=1}^n1=\underbrace{1+1+\ldots+1}_{n}=n\cdot 1=n\\\\\\
(2)\qquad\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk=1+2+3+\ldots+n=\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\quad\text{(arithmetic series)}\\\\\\
(3)\qquad\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\ \textgreater \ 0\quad\implies\quad\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\right|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

Note that:

$\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2=(-1)^1\cdot1^2+(-1)^2\cdot2^2+(-1)^3\cdot3^2+\dots+(-1)^n\cdot n^2=\\\\\\=-1^2+2^2-3^2+4^2-5^2+\dots\pm n^2$

(sign of last term will be + when n is even and - when n is odd).
Sum is finite so we can split it into two sums, first $S_n^+$ with only positive trems (squares of even numbers) and second $S_n^-$ with negative (squares of odd numbers). So:

$\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2=S_n^+-S_n^-$

And now the proof.

1) n is even.

In this case, both $S_n^+$ and $S_n^-$ have $\dfrac{n}{2}$ terms. For example if n=8 then:

$S_8^+=\underbrace{2^2+4^2+6^2+8^2}_{\frac{8}{2}=4}\qquad\text{(even numbers)}\\\\\\
S_8^-=\underbrace{1^2+3^2+5^2+7^2}_{\frac{8}{2}=4}\qquad\text{(odd numbers)}\\\\\\$

Generally, there will be:

$S_n^+=\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k)^2\\\\\\S_n^-=\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k-1)^2\\\\\\$

Now, calculate our sum:

$\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\left|S_n^+-S_n^-\right|=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k)^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k-1)^2\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}4k^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}\left(4k^2-4k+1\right)\right|=\\\\\\$

$=\left|4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k^2-4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k^2+4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}1\right|=\left|4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}1\right|\stackrel{(1),(2)}{=}\\\\\\=
\left|4\dfrac{\frac{n}{2}(\frac{n}{2}+1)}{2}-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|2\cdot\dfrac{n}{2}\left(\dfrac{n}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|n\left(\dfrac{n}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\\\\\\
$

$=\left|\dfrac{n^2}{2}+n-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n^2}{2}+\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n^2+n}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|\stackrel{(2)}{=}\\\\\\\stackrel{(2)}{=}
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\right|\stackrel{(3)}{=}\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

So in this case we prove, that:

$\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

2) n is odd.

Here, $S_n^-$ has more terms than $S_n^+$ . For example if n=7 then:

$S_7^-=\underbrace{1^2+3^2+5^2+7^2}_{\frac{n+1}{2}=\frac{7+1}{2}=4}\\\\\\
S_7^+=\underbrace{2^2+4^4+6^2}_{\frac{n+1}{2}-1=\frac{7+1}{2}-1=3}\\\\\\$

So there is $\dfrac{n+1}{2}$ terms in $S_n^-$ , $\dfrac{n+1}{2}-1$ terms in $S_n^+$ and:

$S_n^+=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}-1}(2k)^2\\\\\\
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Now, we can calculate our sum:

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$=\left|-n^2-2n-1+2\cdot\dfrac{n+1}{2}\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-n^2-2n-1+(n+1)\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
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$=\left|-\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|=|-1|\cdot\left|\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|\stackrel{(2)}{=}\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\right|\stackrel{(3)}{=}\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

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$\forall_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\quad\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk$

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