Answer:
Diarrhea - the most common cause of dehydration and related deaths. The large intestine absorbs water from food matter, and diarrhea prevents this from happening. The body excretes too much water, leading to dehydration.
Vomiting - leads to a loss of fluids and makes it difficult to replace water by drinking it.
Sweating - the body's cooling mechanism releases a significant amount of water. Hot and humid weather and vigorous physical activity can further increase fluid loss from sweating. Similarly, a fever can cause an increase in sweating and may dehydrate the patient, especially if there is also diarrhea and vomiting.
Diabetes - high blood sugar levels cause increased urination and fluid loss. Tips for handling summer heat for people with diabetes.
Frequent urination - usually caused by uncontrolled diabetes, but also can be due to alcohol and medications such as diuretics, antihistamines, blood pressure medications, and anti psychotics.
Burns - blood vessels can become damaged, causing fluid to leak into the surrounding tissues.
Answer:
The correct answer is option E. only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.
Explanation:
Water soluble hormones can not diffuse through cell membranes as only lipid soluble molecules can pass through the cell membranes and these hormons are not lipid soluble molecules,
These water hormones are usually glycoproteins, peptide and catecholamnies such as TSH, FSH, LH and insulin. these hormones need second messengers because there receptors are present on the plasma membrane.
Thus, the correct answer is option - e. only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.
Answer:
The correct answer is option C. thymus.
Explanation:
Lymph nodules are small groups of lymphoid tissue present in the loose under the wet epithelial membranes such as the digestive system, urinary bladder, and respiratory system.
The thymus does not contain lymph nodules like other lymphatic organs such as spleen, tonsils and lymph node. However, small lymphocytes known as thymocytes are grouped together in the cortex and epithelial reticular cells can appear like nodules in the medulla.
Thus, the correct answer is option C. thymus.
<h3><u>
Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus
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Explanation:
Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are both metabolic endocrine diseases caused due to hormonal imbalance.
<u>Etiology</u><u>:
</u>
<u>Organ and hormone involved</u><u>: </u>
Diabetes mellitus occurs due to inefficiency of the pancreas to produce sufficient amount of the hormone insulin or lack of insulin action resulting in uncontrolled blood glucose levels.
Diabetes insipidus occurs due to inefficiency of the pituitary glands to produce sufficient amount of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin or lack of vasopressin action resulting in uncontrolled water metabolism.
<u>Signs and symptoms:
</u>
Diabetes mellitus results in increasing blood glucose levels, polyuria and nocturia, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue and various other complications affecting eyes, kidneys, nervous system, and heart as the disease progresses.
Diabetes insipidus results in increasing water levels due kidneys excreting large amounts of diluted urine leading to polyuria, polydipsia, and excessive dehydration and fatigue.
<u>Diagnostic/lab tests and results:
</u>
Diabetes mellitus is tested by testing blood glucose levels.
Diabetes insipidus is tested by testing water deprivation or vasopressin level test/the 24-hour urine for urine osmolality levels along with serum electrolyte level tests.
These tests are based on response to vasopressin, urine concentration abilities, urine osmolality, and electrolyte levels of the blood.
