Answer:
b. Forward or reverse primers
Explanation:
Sanger sequencing is a technique of DNA sequencing based on the extension of DNA fragments with variable sizes terminated with dideoxynucleotides at the 3′ end. This technique was developed by Frederick Sanger in 1977. In Sanger sequencing, a short primer is added in order to bind by complementarity to the target DNA region of interest. Subsequently, a DNA polymerase adds nucleotides (A, T, C and G) in the 5'-3' direction. Finally, the extension of the DNA strand is stopped by adding dideoxynucleotides, which are nucleotide analogs (i.e., modified nucleotides) that act as DNA synthesis terminators.
Explanation:
When there are low oxygen levels in blood, the blood pH tends to lower. This is because there is an increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood that is converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase. When carbon acid dissociates, into H⁺ and HCO₃⁻ . The H⁺ influences the increase in acidity of the blood. The kidneys will excrete most of the H⁺ and retain most of the HCO₃⁻ to help maintain the right blood pH. However, most of blood pH homeostasis is maintained largely by the lungs.
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Answer: c. proteasome
Explanation:
Proteasomes are extremely important multi-catalytic proteases and are involved in various cellular functions. The proteasome is an essential component of eukaryotic cells and is responsible for the ATP-dependent proteolytic degradation of most cellular proteins. They are present in the nucleus and cytosol and can represent up to 1% of total cell proteins. Proteasomes generally degrade proteins to small peptides, most of which are rapidly hydrolyzed by cytoplasmic exopeptidases. It catalyzes the rapid degradation of many enzymes, regulatory proteins, and eliminates abnormal proteins resulting from mutation or damaged proteins. The inability of this cellular organelle can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson´s disease.
Answer:
Glucagon signals the liver to start producing glucose.
Explanation:
Glucagon signals the liver to start producing glucose from the breakdown of amino acids through gluconeogenesis process. When the glucose level decreases in the body due to fasting or starvation, the pancreas release glucagon which provides signals to the liver to produce glucose form non carbohydrates substances present in our body. This production of glucose increases the concentration of glucose in the blood and the body used this glucose for the generation of energy molecules in the form of ATP.
Answer: A.
Explanation:
Proteins are the things that determine what functions will play out. They are the reason we are able to digest foods, transfer oxygen throughout the body. Proteins MAKE these functions happen. Without proteins, we wouldn't be able to do anything
