Answer:
Option-D
Explanation:
Obesity refers to a disease in which the person accumulates a high amount of fat due to lifestyle with less physical activity but a very high amount of energy intake.
Obesity is not just influenced by the environment but by genetics also. The genetic studies on the accumulation of fat involve more than 200 genes in which one of the genes is fat mass and obesity-associated gene or FTO gene. This gene can cause increased hunger level, reduced satiety, and influence other genes.
Thus, Option-D is correct.
1. A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.
2. Centrioles are paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope.
3. Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system.
4. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.
Answer: Four, two
Explanation:
FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) is a technique for chromosome mapping with probes that emit fluorescence and allow the visualization, distinction and study of chromosomes of nuclei in metaphase or inferophase. In this way, any type of anomaly such as inversions, aneuploidies, duplications or microdeletions can be seen. To do this, a non-specific DNA staining is performed with DAPI (a fluorophore that marks the nucleus where DNA is present) and the fluorescence will be seen under the microscope.
<u>When cells are in metaphase, their chromosomes are condensed in preparation for cell division</u>. To stop them in metaphase, colchicine is used which is a microtubule depolymerizing agent responsible for separating the sister chromatids of a chromosome, thus preventing the progression of cell division and arresting the cell cycle in metaphase. Here we will see translocations, microdeletions or duplications.
<u>Interphase FISH is used to see decondensed chromatin, which allows higher resolution in detecting small abnormalities</u>. It is mainly used for the detection of aneuploidies or large deletions, duplications or translocations when samples are difficult to grow or are scarce, as in the case of fetal or tumor cells. It is not possible to distinguish between a normal karyotype and a karyotype showing a balanced translocation. In addition, it can be used in the analysis of solid tumors, which divide very infrequently.
During metaphase, the chromosomes are duplicated so there would be two sets of chromosomes (a total of four chromosomes). Then, there would be four signals for each probe. During interphase, the chromosomes are not dupicated. Since it is a diploid organisms, there would be two chromosomes and this will represen two signals for probe.
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Because phosphate plays an important role in their nutrition and growth
It should be 16% for the recessive aa genotype.