Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain when they gain electrons.
As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water. Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.
<span>It will have little impact in the long run. Muscular dystrophy tends to interfere with the formation of muscular tissue, specifically it causes problems with the manufacturing of proteins necessary to maintain muscular tissue. This procedure would mean a temporary improvement in the subjects condition, but does not seem to provide a true permanent solution. Repetitive stem cell therapy may be able to slow down the conditions progression though.</span>
Answer:
it does not specify which is female and which is male so i am going to go with a.
Explanation:
Answer:
<em>Genes are one dimensional.</em>
Explanation:
The genes are made up of segments of DNA. The DNA has a three dimensional structure as coiling and super-coiling occurs in it to give it a three dimensional structure. But genes itself are one- dimensional. Genes are the hereditary molecules.
The genes makes particular proteins. Proteins also have three dimensional structure as they undergo coiling and super-coiling.
