Answer:
3. adds constraints that protect the rights of individuals.
Explanation:
I guess the question has to do with some of James Madison's extensive work.
James Madison was born in Port Conway (Virginia) in 1751 and died on the family estate in Montpelier (Virginia) in 1836. He was the fourth president of the United States, serving from 1809-1817. During Jefferson's presidency, he served as the secretary of state. His involvement in drafting the U.S. Constitution earned him the nickname Father of the Constitution. Along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.
The two big differences, for Madison, between a "democracy" and a "republic", between the old and the new sense of democracy, would be:
First, "that the second one delegates the power of government to a small number of citizens, elected by the rest".
Second, "that the republic may comprise a larger number of citizens and a greater extension of territory".
A "republic" may be defined as "a government which derives all its powers directly or indirectly from the great mass of the people and which is administered by persons who hold office at the will of the people, for a limited period or for as long as they observe good conduct.
The establishment of modern democracy must be made with due regard for the imperfect nature of human beings, according to Madison:
Ambition must be brought into play to counteract ambition. Human interest must be interwoven with the constitutional rights of the people.
Madison concludes by acknowledging that "just as there is a degree of depravity in the human race that requires a certain amount of vigilance and distrust, so there are other qualities in the nature of man that justify a certain degree of esteem and trust. The Republican Government assumes these qualities in greater proportion than any other".
It assumes that men possess "the virtue necessary to govern themselves. Virtue that points to the "vigilant and virile temperament that moves the American people, a temperament nourished by freedom and which in turn watches over it.
The purest and most precise moral sense of the Republican Government for Madison, that which defines, above all, its political activity over the years, is condensed in the following reflection: a man has both "a right to his property" and "property in his rights". Both "an excess of power" and "an excess of freedom" lead to neither "property" nor security in one's "opinions", "person", "faculties" and "possessions" being guaranteed. The purpose of "Government" is "to protect property of any kind, as well as that which affects the various rights of individuals".
