President Carter's attempts to free the hostages were done in good faith and effort, but were hampered by failures in communication, delivery and execution. The plan involved servicemen who were not as well-trained as they could have been and certain weather effects like the "haboob" which was a big dust cloud, doomed the mission. Carter does deserve credit for taking responsibility for the failure however.
Answer
Andrew Jackson
Explanation
Worcester vs. Georgia ruling was a case in which the united states supreme court held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-native Americans from being present on Native Americans lands without licence which was said to be unconstitutional. On this matter Andrew Johnson rejected the ruling hoping that the land they occupied would go to white settlers.
I'd say they shut down, because most of the men enlisted as soldiers for the war. At that time/era, the workforce were mainly men, with the women staying home and taking care of the house.
We seized lands from the indians, becuase we believed we had the god given right to extend america to the pascific ocean.
Are there options?
Generally, Mandela employed non-violent approach, and mostly his imprisonment and his peacefull reaction to it gained international approval for the cause of ending apartheid.