Answer:
Constitutive activation is the alteration of a protein or signaling pathway such that it is functional or engaged even in the absence of an upstream activating event. For example, RasD is constitutively active because it cannot bind GAP and therefore remains in the GTP-bound, active state even when cells are not stimulated by growth factor to activate a receptor tyrosine kinase.
Constitutively active Ras is cancer promoting because cells will proliferate in the absence of growth factors, and thus normal regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation are bypassed.
(a) A mutation that resulted in Smad3 binding Smad4, entering the nucleus, and activating transcription independent of phosphorylation by the TGFβ receptor would render Smad3 constitutively active.
(b) A mutation that made MAPK active as a kinase and able to enter the nucleus without being phosphorylated by MEK would render MAPK constitutively active.
(c) A mutation that prevented NF-KB from binding to IK-B or that allowed NF-KB to enter the nucleus and regulate transcription even when bound to IK-B would render NF-KB constitutively active.
The doctor <span>suspected that this characteristic was the result of a</span> somatic mutation that happened in the developing embryo, but probably wouldn't affect the daughter's egg cells.
Archea are known to survive harsh conditions.
These are known as Hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue normally endocrine glands for example, adrenal glands, pituitary glands, and transported in the blood stream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. Hormones serves as messengers, controlling and coordinating activities or processes such as growth, metabolism and fertility in the body.
Answer:
D. Evolutionary relationships
Explanation:
phylogeny describes the relationships of organisms which evolved on most closely related species
