B: addressee information
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1.For the first time, a shared faith in Islam allowed the newly organized state to mobilize the military potential of the entire Arab population.
2.The Byzantine and Persian empires were weakened by decades of war with each other and by internal revolts.
3.Merchant leaders of the new Islamic community wanted to capture the profitable trade routes of the Silk Roads.
4.Individual Arabs found in military expansion a route to wealth and social promotion.
5.Expansion provided a common task for the Arab community, which reinforced the fragile unity of the umma.
6.Arabs were motivated by a religious dimension, as many viewed the mission of empire in terms of jihad, bringing righteous government to the peoples they conquered.
Answer:
A city charter or town charter (generically, municipal charter) is a legal document (charter) establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages.
Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system. Townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often "free", in the sense that they were directly protected by the king or emperor, and were not part of a feudal fief.
Today the process for granting is determined by the type of government of the state in question. In monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the authorities acting on behalf of the Crown. In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the lower level of government such as province.
Answer:
The industrial and economic developments of the Industrial Revolution brought significant social changes. Industrialization resulted in an increase in population and the phenomenon of urbanization, as a growing number of people moved to urban centres in search of employment.
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