Question

Why is there no electric field at the center of a charged spherical conductor?

Answer 1

-- Since the sphere is a conductor, the charge on it will move around
until it's evenly distributed on the surface of the sphere.  When every
tiny smitch of charge is the same distance from the charge around it,
they won't need to move around any more.

-- At that point, the situation at the center of the sphere will be:
For every smitch of charge on the surface, causing en electric field
at the center, there is another smitch, of the same size and in exactly
the opposite direction, canceling out the field of the first one. 
Every smitch of charge on the surface causes a tiny bit of electric field
at the center, and they all cancel each other.

It turn out that if the sphere is hollow, then the electric field at EVERY
point inside it is zero, not only at the center.

It's exactly the same idea as a sphere with uniform, homogeneous mass.
For that sphere, the gravity at the center is zero.