Turbidity. As your book/question states it is a measurement of cloudiness in water.
Northerners claimed the law was unfair. The flagrant violation of the Fugitive Slave Law set the scene for the tempest that emerged later in the decade. But for now, Americans hoped against hope that the fragile peace would prevail.
B. The battle ended up with the U.S forces being defeated.
The industrial revolution set the foundation for urbanization by fostering economic growth and developing employment opportunities in cities, as opposed to rural communities.