Answer:
Explanation:
Cell division.
The others are just to confuse you.
Answer: B
Explanation:
During polymerization of nucleotides to form nucleic acids, the hydroxyl group on the phosphate group attaches to the 3’ carbon of a sugar of one nucleotide to form an ester bond to the phosphate of another nucleotide. The reaction forms a phosphodiester linkage and eliminates a water molecule.
The DNA strands generally runs from 5 prime to 3 prime direction.
Extensively drug-resistant
tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis which is caused by bacteria that are
resistant to some of the most effective anti-TB drugs such as isoniazid and
rifampin. This form of tuberculosis occurs due to an individual’s mismanagement
of multidrug-resistant TB. Treatment for extensively resistant TB would include
medication with at least two drugs to which the TB is susceptible.
Answer:
(4) Both (1) & (2)
Explanation:
Viviparous germination is a type of seed germination in which seeds germinates but still attached with the plant body. This type of germination is present in plants such as Sonneratia and Rhizophora. In these plants, the embryo which is present inside the seed grows and break the seed coat and after that, it comes out the fruit which is still attached to the plant.
Answer:
All the given statements are correct except b.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) refers to the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of drug or a chemical that would normally limit its growth or kill it.
It makes it difficult for the existing drugs to eliminate the infection as they become less effective against the microbe.
There are five major mechanisms by which a microbe attains resistance against antimicrobial chemical or drug:
- Drug modification or inactivation: A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. For example, few bacteria produce β-lactamases which provide multi-resistance against β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporin etc.
- Alteration or modification of target site: An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. For example, alteration of penicillin binding protein (PBP) in Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>(MRSA).
- Alteration of metabolic pathway: The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. For example, sulfonamides-resistant bacteria started using preformed folic acid in place of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).
- Decreased drug accumulation: Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent (before it could do any damage) by pumping it out of the cell.
- Decrease in cell permeability: The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased
