GLP-1RAs provides superior glycaemic control and weight loss whereas compare to DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes if weight is not a concern DPP-4 inhibitor are preferred to a GLP-1RA.
The GLP-1RAs are peptide-based therapies such as insulin, to avoid degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes they require subcutaneous injection and deliver pharmacological levels of GLP-1RA.
whereas, DPP-4 inhibitors which are orally administered on a once-daily basis are small molecular-weight drugs that inhibit ≥ 90% of DPP-4 activity.For patients with type 2 diabetes, the incretin-based therapies improve glycaemic control with a low incidence of hypoglycemia and without weight loss, whereas DPP-4 inhibitors are dispensed orally and provide a physiological increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels.
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Answer: the correct answer is a. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7
Explanation:
acidosis.- acidosis occurs when the acid accumulates when bicarbonate (a base) is lost. Acidosis is classified as breathing acidosis and metabolic acidosis. The breathing acidosis occurs when there is too much carbon dioxide in the body.
Increased respiration.- breathing that is more rapid than normal. Tachypnea is defined as an elevated respiratory rate, or more simply. A normal respiratory rate can vary depending on age and activity but is usually between 12 and 20 breaths per minute for a resting adult.
Inappropriate (increased) ADH secretion causes an unrelenting increase in solute-free water ("free water") absorption by the kidneys, with two effects. First, in the extracellular fluid (ECF) space, there is a dilution of blood solutes, causing hypoosmolality, including a low sodium concentration - hyponatremia (term that is used when the level of sodium in the blood is too low).
Renin's primary function is therefore to eventually cause an increase in blood pressure, leading to restoration of perfusion pressure in the kidneys. Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular kidney cells, which sense changes in renal perfusion pressure, via stretch receptors in the vascular walls.
Increased urine concentration may be due to different conditions, such as: Heart failure. Loss of body fluids (dehydration) from diarrhea or excessive sweating. Narrowing of the kidney artery (renal arterial stenosis).
<span>The sugar arabinose in the agarose plate is needed to turn on the expression of the GFP (green flourescent protein) gene. The UV light is required to cause the GFP (green flourescent protein) protein within the bacteria to glow.</span>
A. The concentration of water should be higher on the outside because it allows water to slow into the cell to balance the concentration.
Answer:
a. tryptophan levels are low.
Explanation:
Attenuation occurs when the tryptophan level in the cell is high so there is no need to synthesize tryptophan any more. In this situation, tryptophan mRNA synthesis comes to an end.
Attenuation is based on two following attributes:
(1) Translation dependent transcription
(2) Ability of RNA to assume alternative secondary structures.
Leader peptide is 16o nucleotide long region which contains 4 regions named as R1, R2, R3 and R4. In R1 region there are 2 tryptophan codons while after R4 region there is a polyU sequence. It it only after leader peptide, tryptophan biosynthesis genes are present in tryptophan operon.
When tryptophan levels in the cell are high, ribosome at R1 region immediately clears the region without any halt as a result of which R1 is able to pair up with R2 and R3 is able to pair up with R4 making a secondary structure i.e. hair pin structure. Soon after that there is a polyU sequence. This is a perfect condition for rho independent transcription termination.
This phenomenon helps in conserving the energy by inhibiting transcription in cell when tryptophan is not required because it is already present in abundance.
In contrast to this, when tryptophan levels are low, transcript is supposed to be transcribed so as to enhance the level of tryptophan in the cell. In such situation, the tRNA charged with tryptophan amino acid is in scarcity so the ribosome keeps waiting for this charged tRNA in R1. Since ribosome has occupied this region, R1 will be unable to pair up with R2. So R2 will pair up with R3. Since R3 has paired up with R2, it will not be able to pair up with R4. So a <u>secondary hair pin structure</u><u> </u><u>immediately followed up by polyU sequence will not form and hence transcription by RNA polymerase will go on. </u>
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