Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Answer:
Explanation:Compounds which have carbon and hydrogen atoms in their structure or formula are known as organic compounds. For example, a molecule of is organic because it has carbon and hydrogen atom in its formula. ... Thus, we can conclude that an organic molecule will always contain carbon and hydrogen
Answer:
Explanation
Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms. When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below. ... If water were most dense as a solid, lakes would freeze from the bottom up, eventually freezing solid.
My answer -
The formula for calculating kinetic energy (KE) is KE = 0.5 x mv2. Here m stands for mass, the measure of how much matter is in an object, and v<span> stands for velocity of the object, or the rate at which the object changes its position.
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They all under the kingdom animalia. The others are plantae, fungi and Protoctista.
