In this passage, the type of warfare being described by the author is "chemical warfare".
Russia grew in the shadow of the Byzantine Empire, which itself was the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Generally speaking, the eastern half of the empire owed a stronger cultural debt to the Hellenistic Age, being as it extended across the territories which had earlier been conquered by Alexander the Great, and controlled by the successor states that emerged from the collapse of his empire. The Eastern Empire's common language, for example, remained Greek.
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It could be argued that the War of 1812 almost ended as a tie between the British and Americans because "<span>Neither country gained land; the borders were reset to where they were before the war," since this indeed was the case. Although many Americans viewed it as a victory. </span>
(C) The increase in prices of consumer goods over a period of time.