The answer would be social atomization. This allots the person as the essential unit of examination for all ramifications of social life. This hypothesis alludes to "the inclination for society to be comprised of an accumulation of self-intrigued and to a great extent independent people, working as particular atoms".
Confounding variables are stimuli other than independent variables that may affect the outcome of the study and lead to erroneous conclusions. These variables become a factor when researchers are unable to prevent or eliminate them. These variables can make the results found during experiments invalid because they do not reflect the original variables in the experiment or research.