Hi
Below are five major steps of DNA or gene cloning:
1: You chose the gene or specific piece of DNA you need to clone and cut the gene with restriction enzymes from the source organism.
2: You need to choose a vector for the process of cloning and you will cut the vector with same restriction enzymes through which you have cut your target DNA sequence to be inserted into the vector.
3: You place the target gene into the vector and join or seal the gene with vector by using an enzyme called DNA ligase.
4: You introduce the vector with your target gene into a suitable host organism such as yeast or bacteria through the process of Transformation. In this process host organism takes up the vector containing your target gene and starts replicating the target DNA along with their own DNA and thus creating millions of copies of target gene .
5: In the last step, the DNA or target gene is isolated from host organism and purified and is ready to be used since its quantity has been enormously increased through the process of cloning.
The cloning is also called as recombinant DNA technology and is the main process that is being used in the production of insulin for diabetes patients. You can see below image for better understanding.
Hope it help!
GAU to GAC is least likely to change phenotype of an organism.
<h3><u>Explanation</u>:</h3>
Phenotype of an organism is defined as the physical characteristics of an organism. This phenotype is dependent on the genotype of the organisms. This means the phenotypic characters are actually the expressions of the genes of the organisms. Now the genes are expressed in form of codons that are the three nitrogen base sequences. Each codon codes for a particular amino acid which in turn polymerises to from the protein which actually forms the phenotype of the organism.
Now there are 20 amino acids and 64 codons. Thus there are more than 1 codons for a single amino acid. So, if a codon is replaced by another codon which codes for same amino acid, then the phenotype is least likely to be affected.
Both the GAU and GAC codes for aspartic acid. So the phenotype won't be affected much by this mutation
The lists of the correct order of evolutionary history is Jellyfish, Reptiles, Mammals. This three are classified as vertebrates and all I know that almost all the animals we know are vertebrates. Jellyfish is a fish that do not have a backbones, example of reptiles is garter snake, there are so many mammals in the forest such as bat, rodent, bear and much more.
<h2>Answer:</h2>
Gastrin and Glucagon
<h2>Explanation:</h2>
Two primary hormones that are secreted by the pancreas are:
Gastrin: This hormone helps in digestion by stimulating certain cells in the stomach to produce acid.
Glucagon: Glucagon helps insulin to maintain normal blood glucose by working in the opposite way of insulin.
After we finish taking shower the pancreas releases these two primary hormones.
23 and for the female and for the male there are 46
