Oceanic lithosphere consists mainly of mafic crust and ultramafic mantle (peridotite) and is denser than continental lithosphere, for which the mantle is associated with crust made of felsic rocks. Oceanic lithosphere thickens as it ages and moves away from the mid-ocean ridge. This thickening occurs by conductive cooling, which converts hot asthenosphere into lithospheric mantle and causes the oceanic lithosphere to become increasingly thick and dense with age. In fact, oceanic lithosphere is a thermal boundary layer for the convection[9] in the mantle. The thickness of the mantle part of the oceanic lithosphere can be approximated as a thermal boundary layer that thickens as the square root of time.
There must be a balance between the flow of energy into the atmosphere and the flow of energy out of the atmosphere and back to space.<span>After being warmed by incoming solar radiation throughout the day, the Earth emits infrared radiation, which is trapped near the Earth’s surface by carbon dioxide.This radiation is called thermal radiation.</span>
Phylogenetic species concept (PSC) The concept of a species as an irreducible group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits (see apomorphy). ... "phylogenetic species concept." A Dictionary of Biology. .
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The biological species concept has its limitations (although it works well for many organisms and has been very influential in the growth ofevolutionary theory). ... In thisexample, Ensatina salamander lineages A and B are separate species.Each has a common ancestor that individuals of other species do not.
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Insulin released to prevent the surge of sugar in bloodstream when glucose increases.