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Stability of atoms is determined by neutron:proton ratio. This n/p ratio is 1:1 for elements below atomic number 20. Hope this helps.
Any buffer exists in this equilibrium
HA <=>

In a buffer, there is a large reservoir of both the undissociated acid (HA) and its conjugate base (

)
When a strong acid is added, it reacts with the large reservoir of the conjugate base (

) forming a salt and water. Since this large reservoir of the conjugate base is used, the ph does not alter drastically, but instead resist the pH change.
Answer: 2.48×10^-17 J
Explanation:
Given the following :
Wavelength = 8nm (8 x 10^-9 m)
Energy(e) of X-ray =?
Energy=[speed of light(c) × planck's constant (h)] ÷ wavelength
Speed of light = 3×10^8m/s
Planck's constant = 6.626×10^-34 Js
Wavelength = 8 x 10^-9 m
Energy = [(3×10^8) * (6.626×10^-34)] / 8 x 10^-9
Energy = [19.878×10^(8-34)] / 8 x 10^-9
Energy = 2.48475 × 10^(-26+9)
Energy = 2.48×10^-17 J
Answer:
For finding frequency, we need to first find the period of the graph.
The period of a sinusoidal graph is the time interval in which it repeats its pattern.
In the graph, we can see, after
time, it repeats its pattern.
Hence the period of the graph is
.
Now we need to find its frequency 
The formula for frequency is 
This is the answer
i hope you pass the assignment
try your best!