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Answer: Pre-Columbian refers to the history and culture of North and South America before the arrival of Christopher Columbus.
President Theodore Roosevelt sent troops to support Panamanian rebels in the fight against Colombia so that the Colombians would grant the United States the rights to build a canal, which was in the best interest of the US.
A difference between Arab muslim armies and the Ottoman Turk armies on the Byzantine empire was the latter were much better organized and had a much better/well trained standing and professional army which served them well when they were trying to besiege and conquer places in the Byzantine empire.