What is social power?

The important development and diversification of the works in Motivation Psychology, two great moments are distinguished: before and after Darwin's work in 1859, or, what is the same, pre-scientific stage and scientific stage. These facts considerably hinder a generally accepted conceptualization of "Motivation", since, on the one hand, in the scientific stage pre-scientific terms are still used, and, on the other hand, Darwin's influence is reflected in various currents, each of them using a particular terminology.

During the pre-scientific stage, Motivation was reduced to voluntary activity, while, in the scientific stage, talking about Motivation implies referring to instincts, tendencies and impulses, which requires the necessary energy; but, in addition, there are also clear references to cognitive activities, which direct the behavior towards certain objectives. Therefore, the concept of Motivation today must consider the coordination of the subject to activate and direct their behavior towards goals.

An added difficulty has to do with the large number of needs described by the different authors. In this regard, Madsen (1980) grouped the needs into two categories: primary and secondary reasons. The primary, innate and biogenic motifs are central motivations (needs) that, from birth, are functionally related to the subsistence of the individual and the species. The secondary motives, acquired and psychogenic, are central motivations (needs) that, after a learning process, are related to the general growth of the subject. This differentiation is essential to understand the Psychology of Motivation in its entirety, since, although it is true that primary motifs are common to all species, secondary motifs, although also present in many of the lower species, seem be fundamental heritage of the human species

The issue of interaction between biological and cultural aspects has led some authors (Munro, 1997) to suggest that it is the most attractive perspective in the field of New Ethology. Indeed, the author says that, from the psychological orientation, the study of Motivation has been carried out from the biological, behavioral or cognitive perspectives. From any of these perspectives it has been assumed that the most scientific orientation is that which is based on biological parameters; that is, one that tries to understand the motivated behavior of an individual, from the perspective of the needs that the organism needs to satisfy in order to survive. At the other end of the hypothetical continuum, Munro continues to argue, is the cultural orientation, which proposes the impossibility of understanding the motivated behavior of the human being without resorting to social variables, and fundamentally to cultural variables: motivation is the result of cultural influences. In this second perspective, the individual as such is not important, since what counts is the group as a whole, with its inescapable influences on each and every one of the members that make it up. These theoretical orientations have been empirically verified in the applied field, particularly in the labor field (Erez, 1997), highlighting how it seems essential to consider cultural factors to understand the motivational dimension of employee and boss behavior. Even, as Geary, Hamson, Chen, Liu and Hoard (1998) have recently pointed out, cultural influence is unavoidable when one wants to understand how biases in cognitive functioning occur, referring to motivational preferences, to the choice of objectives attractive, etc. The interaction between evolutionary and cultural factors is present and exerts its impact from the first moments in which an individual interacts with others. However, the effects of such influence begin to become apparent when that individual begins his training and learning in the school environment.

3 0

3 years ago

The Body Shop founder Anita Roddick said that she didn’t care about making money; she only cared about making the world a better

astra-53 [7]

Answer:

Social responsibility

Explanation:

Social responsibility: The term social responsibility is referred to as an ethical framework that describes any entity including an individual or an organization is bounded or responsible to act or behave in a way that benefits a particular society at large. It is often considered as a duty that an individual requires to perform to maintain a balance or equilibrium between ecosystems and the economy.

Types of social responsibility: Direct philanthropic giving, economic responsibility, ethical business practices, and environmental sustainability initiatives.

4 0

3 years ago

What is the best way to explain why Russia, Germany, and France got involved after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

dsp73

Answer:

Threatened by Serbian ambition in the tumultuous Balkans region of Europe, Austria-Hungary determined that the proper response to the assassinations was to prepare for a possible military invasion of Serbia. After securing the unconditional support of its powerful ally, Germany, Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with a rigid ultimatum on July 23, 1914, demanding, among other things, that all anti-Austrian propaganda within Serbia be suppressed, and that Austria-Hungary be allowed to conduct its own investigation into the archduke’s killing. Though Serbia effectively accepted all of Austria’s demands except for one, the Austrian government broke diplomatic relations with the other country on July 25 and went ahead with military preparedness measures. Meanwhile, alerted to the impending crisis, Russia—Serbia’s own mighty supporter in the Balkans—began its own initial steps towards military mobilization against Austria.

In the days following the Austrian break in relations with Serbia, the rest of Europe, including Russia’s allies, Britain and France, looked on with trepidation, fearing the imminent outbreak of a Balkans conflict that, if entered into by Russia, threatened to explode into a general European war. The British Foreign Office lobbied its counterparts in Berlin, Paris and Rome with the idea of an international convention aimed at moderating the conflict; the German government, however, was set against this notion, and advised Vienna to go ahead with its plans.

On July 28, 1914, after a decision reached conclusively the day before in response to pressure from Germany for quick action—apart from Kaiser Wilhelm II, who by some accounts still saw the possibility of a peaceful diplomatic resolution to the conflict, but was outmaneuvered by the more hawkish military and governmental leadership of Germany—Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. In response, Russia formally ordered mobilization in the four military districts facing Galicia, its common front with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. That night, Austrian artillery divisions initiated a brief, ineffectual bombardment of Belgrade across the Danube River.

“My darling one and beautiful, everything tends towards catastrophe and collapse,” British naval official Winston Churchill wrote to his wife at midnight on July 29. He was proven right over the next several days. On August 1, after its demands for Russia to halt mobilization met with defiance, Germany declared war on Russia. Russia’s ally, France, ordered its own general mobilization that same day, and on August 3, France and Germany declared war on each other. The German army’s planned invasion of neutral Belgium, announced on August 4, prompted Britain to declare war on Germany. Thus, in the summer of 1914, the major powers in the Western world—with the exception of the United States and Italy, both of which declared their neutrality, at least for the time being—flung themselves headlong into the First World War.

Explanation:

5 0

3 years ago