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tensa zangetsu [6.8K]
3 years ago
5

An important tool in archeological research is radiocarbon dating, developed by the American chemist Willard F. Libby.3 This is

a means of determining the age of certain wood and plant remains, and hence of animal or human bones or artifacts found buried at the same levels. Radiocarbon dating is based on the fact that some wood or plant remains contain residual amounts of carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon. This isotope is accumulated during the lifetime of the plant and begins to decay at its death. Since the half-life of carbon-14 is long (approximately 5730 years),4 measurable amounts of carbon-14 remain after many thousands of years. If even a tiny fraction of the original amount of carbon-14 is still present, then by appropriate laboratory measurements the proportion of the original amount of carbon-14 that remains can be accurately determined. In other words, if Q(t) is the amount of carbon-14 at time t and Q0 is the original amount, then the ratio Q(t)/Q0 can be determined, as long as this quantity is not too small. Present measurement techniques permit the use of this method for time periods of 50,000 years or more. Find an expression for Q(t) at any time t, if Q(0) = Qo.
Mathematics
1 answer:
Radda [10]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Q(t) = Q_o*e^(-0.000120968*t)

Step-by-step explanation:

Given:

- The ODE of the life of Carbon-14:

                                       Q' = -r*Q

- The initial conditions Q(0) = Q_o

- Carbon isotope reaches its half life in t = 5730 yrs

Find:

The expression for Q(t).

Solution:

- Assuming Q(t) satisfies:

                                       Q' = -r*Q

- Separate variables:

                                      dQ / Q = -r .dt

- Integrate both sides:

                                       Ln(Q) = -r*t + C

- Make the relation for Q:

                                       Q = C*e^(-r*t)

- Using initial conditions given:

                                       Q(0) = Q_o

                                       Q_o = C*e^(-r*0)

                                      C = Q_o    

- The relation is:

                                       Q(t) = Q_o*e^(-r*t)

- We are also given that the half life of carbon is t = 5730 years:

                                       Q_o / 2 = Q_o*e^(-5730*r)

                                        -Ln(0.5) = 5730*r

                                        r = -Ln(0.5)/5730

                                        r = 0.000120968          

- Hence, our expression for Q(t) would be:

                                       Q(t) = Q_o*e^(-0.000120968*t)                                    

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\mu_p -\sigma_p = 0.74-0.0219=0.718

\mu_p +\sigma_p = 0.74+0.0219=0.762

68% of the rates are expected to be betwen 0.718 and 0.762

\mu_p -2*\sigma_p = 0.74-2*0.0219=0.696

\mu_p +2*\sigma_p = 0.74+2*0.0219=0.784

95% of the rates are expected to be betwen 0.696 and 0.784

\mu_p -3*\sigma_p = 0.74-3*0.0219=0.674

\mu_p +3*\sigma_p = 0.74+3*0.0219=0.806

99.7% of the rates are expected to be betwen 0.674 and 0.806

Step-by-step explanation:

Check for conditions

For this case in order to use the normal distribution for this case or the 68-95-99.7% rule we need to satisfy 3 conditions:

a) Independence : we assume that the random sample of 400 students each student is independent from the other.

b) 10% condition: We assume that the sample size on this case 400 is less than 10% of the real population size.

c) np= 400*0.74= 296>10

n(1-p) = 400*(1-0.74)=104>10

So then we have all the conditions satisfied.

Solution to the problem

For this case we know that the distribution for the population proportion is given by:

p \sim N(p, \sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{n}})

So then:

\mu_p = 0.74

\sigma_p =\sqrt{\frac{0.74(1-0.74)}{400}}=0.0219

The empirical rule, also referred to as the three-sigma rule or 68-95-99.7 rule, is a statistical rule which states that for a normal distribution, almost all data falls within three standard deviations (denoted by σ) of the mean (denoted by µ). Broken down, the empirical rule shows that 68% falls within the first standard deviation (µ ± σ), 95% within the first two standard deviations (µ ± 2σ), and 99.7% within the first three standard deviations (µ ± 3σ).

\mu_p -\sigma_p = 0.74-0.0219=0.718

\mu_p +\sigma_p = 0.74+0.0219=0.762

68% of the rates are expected to be betwen 0.718 and 0.762

\mu_p -2*\sigma_p = 0.74-2*0.0219=0.696

\mu_p +2*\sigma_p = 0.74+2*0.0219=0.784

95% of the rates are expected to be betwen 0.696 and 0.784

\mu_p -3*\sigma_p = 0.74-3*0.0219=0.674

\mu_p +3*\sigma_p = 0.74+3*0.0219=0.806

99.7% of the rates are expected to be betwen 0.674 and 0.806

5 0
3 years ago
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