I believe it was the division of Byzantium and the Latin West. Byzantium was the emperor of Constantinople the area around Greece and Turkey and North into Russia. Latin West was under the control of different people until dominance of the Franks in the region. Another powerful and well noted authority was the Pope. Basically...there was a the decline of Rome and different views on the Christian doctrine. (Q_Q ) That's the best way I can word it.
Enslaved Natives. Because at the time they were unaware that the natives didn't have immunity towards their diseases and were very unskilled at maintaining the crops the Spanish wanted.
In late November, early December, the Irish rebellion descended into anarchy as repressed hatred between old Irish Catholics and the new protestant settlers resulted in extreme violence.