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3 years ago

Which molecule activates light reactions

Mathematics

1 answer:

natta225 [31]3 years ago

5 0

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

The light-dependent reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called chloroplasts.

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Lim n→∞[(n + n² + n³ + .... nⁿ)/(1ⁿ + 2ⁿ + 3ⁿ +....nⁿ)]

Schach [20]

Step-by-step explanation:

$\large\underline{\sf{Solution-}}$

Given expression is

$\rm :\longmapsto\:\displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n + {n}^{2} + {n}^{3} + - - + {n}^{n} }{ {1}^{n} + {2}^{n} + {3}^{n} + - - + {n}^{n} }$

To, evaluate this limit, let we simplify numerator and denominator individually.

So, Consider Numerator

$\rm :\longmapsto\:n + {n}^{2} + {n}^{3} + - - - + {n}^{n}$

Clearly, if forms a Geometric progression with first term n and common ratio n respectively.

So, using Sum of n terms of GP, we get

$\rm \: = \: \dfrac{n( {n}^{n} - 1)}{n - 1}$

$\rm \: = \: \dfrac{ {n}^{n} - 1}{1 - \dfrac{1}{n} }$

Now, Consider Denominator, we have

$\rm :\longmapsto\: {1}^{n} + {2}^{n} + {3}^{n} + - - - + {n}^{n}$

can be rewritten as

$\rm :\longmapsto\: {1}^{n} + {2}^{n} + {3}^{n} + - - - + {(n - 1)}^{n} + {n}^{n}$

$\rm \: = \: {n}^{n}\bigg[1 +\bigg[{\dfrac{n - 1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + \bigg[{\dfrac{n - 2}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + - - - + \bigg[{\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} \bigg]$

$\rm \: = \: {n}^{n}\bigg[1 +\bigg[1 - {\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + \bigg[1 - {\dfrac{2}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + - - - + \bigg[{\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} \bigg]$

Now, Consider

$\rm :\longmapsto\:\displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n + {n}^{2} + {n}^{3} + - - + {n}^{n} }{ {1}^{n} + {2}^{n} + {3}^{n} + - - + {n}^{n} }$

So, on substituting the values evaluated above, we get

$\rm \: = \: \displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\dfrac{ {n}^{n} - 1}{1 - \dfrac{1}{n} }}{{n}^{n}\bigg[1 +\bigg[1 - {\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + \bigg[1 - {\dfrac{2}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + - - - + \bigg[{\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} \bigg]}$

$\rm \: = \: \displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{ {n}^{n} - 1}{{n}^{n}\bigg[1 +\bigg[1 - {\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + \bigg[1 - {\dfrac{2}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + - - - + \bigg[{\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} \bigg]}$

$\rm \: = \: \displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{ {n}^{n}\bigg[1 - \dfrac{1}{ {n}^{n} } \bigg]}{{n}^{n}\bigg[1 +\bigg[1 - {\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + \bigg[1 - {\dfrac{2}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + - - - + \bigg[{\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} \bigg]}$

$\rm \: = \: \displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\bigg[1 - \dfrac{1}{ {n}^{n} } \bigg]}{\bigg[1 +\bigg[1 - {\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + \bigg[1 - {\dfrac{2}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + - - - + \bigg[{\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} \bigg]}$

$\rm \: = \: \displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{\bigg[1 +\bigg[1 - {\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + \bigg[1 - {\dfrac{2}{n}\bigg]}^{n} + - - - + \bigg[{\dfrac{1}{n}\bigg]}^{n} \bigg]}$

Now, we know that,

$\red{\rm :\longmapsto\:\boxed{\tt{ \displaystyle\lim_{x \to \infty} \bigg[1 + \dfrac{k}{x} \bigg]^{x} = {e}^{k}}}}$

So, using this, we get

$\rm \: = \: \dfrac{1}{1 + {e}^{ - 1} + {e}^{ - 2} + - - - - \infty }$

Now, in denominator, its an infinite GP series with common ratio 1/e ( < 1 ) and first term 1, so using sum to infinite GP series, we have

$\rm \: = \: \dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{1 - \dfrac{1}{e} } }$

$\rm \: = \: \dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{ \dfrac{e - 1}{e} } }$

$\rm \: = \: \dfrac{1}{\dfrac{e}{e - 1} }$

$\rm \: = \: \dfrac{e - 1}{e}$

$\rm \: = \: 1 - \dfrac{1}{e}$

Hence,

$\boxed{\tt{ \displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n + {n}^{2} + {n}^{3} + - - + {n}^{n} }{ {1}^{n} + {2}^{n} + {3}^{n} + - - + {n}^{n} } = \frac{e - 1}{e} = 1 - \frac{1}{e}}}$