Antigens are proteins that are found on the surface of the pathogen and are viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Nonliving substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles. Antigens are usually carried by proteins and polysaccharides, and less frequently, lipids but it also needs to be attached to a large carrier molecule which is usually a protein. When an antigen enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies against it. The Antigen stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. YOUR WELCOME ;)
They have a large number of Mitochondria. <span />
Atoms gain electrons to form anions.
Atoms lose electrons to form cations.
Back in middle school, my chemistry teacher taught me a good way to remember whether an ion was a cation or an anion. When an atom loses an electron, it becomes positive, and when an atom gains an electron, it becomes negative.
Cation sort of sounds like “cat,” which is positive (Yay! Cats!).
Anions, on the other hand, sounds like “onion,” which is negative (Ew! Onions!).
There’s other ways of memorizing it, but this way was the easiest for me.
-T.B.
The Calvin cycle is a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow. ... The Calvin cycle has four main steps: carbon fixation, reduction phase, carbohydrate formation, and regeneration phase.
