Answer:
Enzyme is carbonic anhydrase
Substrate is 
Turnover number is 
Explanation:
An enzyme is used by a living organism as a catalyst to perform a specific biochemical reaction.
A substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
Turnover number refers to the number of substrate molecules transformed by a single enzyme molecule per minute. Here, the enzyme is the rate-limiting factor.
Here,
Enzyme is carbonic anhydrase
Substrate is 
Turnover number is 
Nuclear i believe because it has nucleus in the sentence and also talk about it
There is two different types but i’ll just do both meanings just incase.
Graham's Law of Diffusion: the rate of diffusion of one gas through another is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the gas.
Graham's Law of Effusion: the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the gas.
hopes this helps..!
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I don't know about 14, but 15 is (4), because a liquid draws in heat to turn into a gas. 16 is (2), because to turn into a cold solid, something has to release heat.