The mRNA molecule is the blueprint for protein assembly in the processes described in the central dogma of molecular biology.
The process of translating the information in DNA to proteins happens in three steps.
Firstly, the DNA molecule replicates itself.
After that one DNA strand (DNA is a double-stranded molecule) transcribes itself into one-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA).
The information is held in the sequence of the nucleotides (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine) and it is read in triplets. So each mRNA is made from a sequence of nucleotides copied from the DNA, that is read in triplets.
Each triplet is holding the information about a specific amino-acid carried by transporter RNA (tRNA).
Proteins are made in the ribosomes in the process of translation, where the sequence on the mRNA is being read and translated into a sequence of amino acids.
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Nutrient or water shortages
Environment issues
Disease
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Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is associated with aberrations in genetic, morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics. A number of genes located on human chromosome 21 (HSA21) encode proteins which are thought to be involved in numerous metabolic pathways, e.g., phosphofructokinase, cystathionine β-synthase etc. Perturbations of the metabolic pathways may lead to altered drug metabolism in DS individuals. We present a review of metabolic aberrations linked to HSA21 genes in DS. We particularly focus on drug disposition, efficacy, sensitivity and toxicity of anti-leukaemic agents including methotrexate, glucocorticoids, anthracyclines and cytarabine in DS leukaemia. The different outcomes of therapy due to differential drug response, varied drug toxicity and treatment related mortality in DS leukaemia is a subject of much research and speculation. Altered drug response in DS individuals may stem from differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics. Further large-cohort studies in different age groups dissecting metabolic and molecular pathways involved in drug response may increase our understanding in this regard and stipulate pharmacotherapies in DS.
Species are characterized by the fact that they are reproductively isolated from other groups, which means that the organisms in one species are incapable of reproducing with organisms in another species.