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Naddik [55]
3 years ago
14

Explain how to use fortran programming in details

Computers and Technology
1 answer:
Natali [406]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

1. Write the program you want to write.

2. Compile the program. To do this, type f77 xxxxx.f into the command line. If this gives an error, you probably haven't installed a Fortran compiler like for example gfortran yet.

3. Run the program. The compiler has produced a file called a.out. Run this file by typing ./a.out.

4. Understand what you just wrote.

5. Add your comment. To add a comment that has an entire line on its own, write a c directly into a new line, without the 6 spaces. After that, write your comment. You should leave a space between the c and your comment for better readability, but this isn't required. Note that you have to use a ! instead of a c in Fortran 95 and newer.

To add a comment in the same line as code, add a ! where you want your comment to begin. Again, a space isn't required, but improves readability.

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Which of the following is true of how packets are sent through the Internet?
astra-53 [7]

Answer:

It is A: Packet metadata is used to route and reassemble information travelling  through the internet.

Explanation:

Step 1: The Internet works by chopping data into chunks called packets. Each packet then moves through the network in a series of hops. Each packet hops to a local Internet service provider (ISP), a company that offers access to the network -- usually for a fee

Step 2: Entering the network

Each packet hops to a local Internet service provider (ISP), a company that offers access to the network -- usually for a fee.

Step 3: Taking flight

The next hop delivers the packet to a long-haul provider, one of the airlines of cyberspace that quickly carrying data across the world.

Step 4: BGP

These providers use the Border Gateway Protocol to find a route across the many individual networks that together form the Internet.

Step 5: Finding a route

This journey often takes several more hops, which are plotted out one by one as the data packet moves across the Internet.

Step 6: Bad information

For the system to work properly, the BGP information shared among routers cannot contain lies or errors that might cause a packet to go off track – or get lost altogether.

Last step: Arrival

The final hop takes a packet to the recipient, which reassembles all of the packets into a coherent message. A separate message goes back through the network confirming successful delivery.

8 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
1. image-editing software
Snezhnost [94]
  • PDF:-Portable Document Format
  • Database software:-software that organizes a collection of information
  • image-editing software :-software used to enhance photographs
  • presentation software :-software used to create a slide show
  • CAD:-software used to create technical drawings.

Done

8 0
2 years ago
An open system consists of nonproprietary hardware and software based on publicly known standards that allows third parties to c
kolezko [41]

Answer:

The answer is "Option D".

Explanation:

A system or a group of components that communicate with your environment through the sharing of resources, materials, and knowledge with a view to system regeneration and development is known as an Open system. In other words, we can say that it is a system that includes a non-proprietary hardware and advert-based software which enables third parties to add or interact with products to plug in the system and It is freely available on the internet. In this question, the incorrect options can be described as follows:

  • In option A, The management system is used by an organization. It is a paid system that's why it is not correct.
  • In option B, This system enables users in online communities and evaluates one another that's why it is not correct.
  • In option C, This type of system provides resources for upgrade user knowledge. It is a paid system that's why it is not correct.  

6 0
3 years ago
a) What are the 'interrupts' in a computer system? Describe the approaches to deal with multiple interrupts in a system.b) Analy
Fynjy0 [20]

Answer:

a)

An interrupt is a signal sent to the processor which indicates an event that needs immediate attention.

  • Interrupts are usually sent to CPU by external or I/O devices.
  • This notifies the processor to a high-priority process that requires the current process to be disrupted.
  • Interrupts requests the processor to stop its ongoing operations and run appropriate part of OS.
  • If the request is acknowledged, the processor may respond by halting its current operation, saving its state. Processor then executes a function called an interrupt handler to handle the event that needs attention.
  • This interrupt is temporary, and processor continues normal activities after the interrupt operator stops, unless the interrupt shows a fatal error.
  • The CPU must inform the device that its interrupt request is acknowledged so that it stops sending interrupt signals.
  • Interrupts are usually used for multitasking purposes in real time computers.
  • There are two basic types of interrupts: hardware and software interrupts.
  • A hardware interrupt requests are generated by hardware devices, to indicate that it needs attention from the operating system.
  • Software interrupts are either requested by programs when they want  some service from the operating system or these interrupts are generated by processor itself on executing particular instructions or when certain requirements are met.

Approaches to deal with multiple interrupts:

There are two approaches to handle multiple interrupts.

  1. One approach is to disable interrupts while an interrupt is being processed. A disabled interrupt means that processor will ignore that interrupt request. If during this phase an interrupt happens, it usually remains pending and will be reviewed by the processor after the interrupts has been enabled by the processor. So, when a program is being executed and an interrupt happens, interrupts are disabled immediately.Upon completion of the interrupt handler procedure, interrupts are allowed before the user program resumes, and the processor checks if other interrupts have occurred. This is a simple technique which deals with the interrupts sequentially. But it does not deal with priority requirements.
  2. Second approach is to define interrupt priorities to enable a higher priority interrupt to cause disruption of a lower-priority interrupt handler. For example take a system with 3 I/O devices: printer, disk and communication line with priorities 3,5, and 7. Lets say when a program starts a printer interrupt happens. The execution continues at printer ISR. At some time interval communication interrupt happens whilst this ISR is still executing. Due to the higher priority of the communication line than the printer, the interrupt is accepted and printer routine is interrupted. Its state is placed on stack and now execution resumes at communication line ISR. Now at some time interval the disk interrupt happens while communication routine is still executing. As the priority of disk interrupt is lower so this is held and communication isr execute completely. Suppose communication ISR finishes, then the previous state is resumed which is printer's ISR execution. But as the disk has higher priority than printer, the processor continues execution in disk ISR. After the completion of disk routine execution, the printer ISR is resumed. After the printer ISR execution is completed the control goes back to the user program.

b) Benefits of using multiple bus architecture compared to single bus architecture are as follows:

  • In a multiple bus architecture each pathway is tailored to deal with a specific type of information. This enhances performance as compared to single bus architecture which is used by simple computers to transfer data onto single bus. Performance enhancement is an important reason for having multiple buses for a computer system.
  • Multiple bus architecture allows multiple devices to work at the same time. This reduces waiting time and enhances the speed of the computer as compared to single bus architecture in which all the components share a common bus. Sharing a common bus causes bus contention which results in slowing down the computer and waiting time increases.
  • Having several different buses available allows to have multiple choices for connecting devices to computer system.
  • Bus designs changes, with the introduction of new types and forms from time to time. Multiple bus architecture with several buses can support equipment from different time periods and helps to retain obsolete equipment such as printers and old hard drives, and also add new ones. This is the compatibility benefit of using multiple bus architecture.
  • CPU places heavy load on bus which carries data from memory and peripheral traffic. So nowadays computers take on multi core model with multiple buses required. So multiple bus architecture is a good option for such systems as it carries more amounts of data through the processor with minimum wait time.

3 0
2 years ago
To avoid legal issues and set clear guidelines and expectations for employees, employers should put which of the following in pl
Mademuasel [1]

Answer: social media policy

Explanation:

In order to avoid legal issues and also set clear guidelines and expectations for the employees in an organization, it is required that employers should put a social media policy in place.

A social media policy refers to a document which outlines how an organization and the employees will behave and conduct themselves online. This helps to checkmate and curtail the activities of the employees so that there won't be a detrimental effect on the organization.

8 0
2 years ago
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