African people made the earliest, and the most important, scientific inventions, and they kept on making inventions right through antiquity and the Middle Ages. use of fire use of numbers<span> </span>stone tools<span>
</span>People in Africa probably figured out how to use fire about 800,000 years ago (or maybe a little earlier).
they began to make; fish-hooks. By around 35,000 BC, African people were using tally sticks<span> to keep track of numbers. </span>bows and arrows<span> to hunt animals to eat, and maybe also to defend themselves
Around </span>6000 BC<span>, people in Sudan built circles of standing stones that may have marked astronomical events like the changing </span>seasons<span>. About 4000 BC, Sudanese people also tamed wild </span>donkeys.
Surely only a few of us know that many modern high-school-level concepts in mathematics first were developed in Africa, as was the first method of counting. More than 35,000 years ago, Egyptians scripted textbooks about math that included division and multiplication of fractions and geometric formulas to calculate the area and volume of shapes (3). Distances and angles were calculated, algebraic equations were solved and mathematically based predictions were made of the size of floods of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians considered a circle to have 360 degrees and estimated Π at 3.16 (3).
Eight thousand years ago, people in present-day Zaire developed their own numeration system, as did Yoruba people in what is now Nigeria. The Yoruba system was based on units of 20 (instead of 10) and required an impressive amount of subtraction to identify different numbers. Scholars have lauded this system, as it required much abstract reasoning (4).
Astronomy Several ancient African cultures birthed discoveries in astronomy. Many of these are foundations on which we still rely, and some were so advanced that their mode of discovery still cannot be understood. Egyptians charted the movement of the sun and constellations and the cycles of the moon. They divided the year into 12 parts and developed a yearlong calendar system containing 365 ¼ days (3). Clocks were made with moving water and sundial-like clocks were used (3).
A structure known as the African Stonehenge in present-day Kenya (constructed around 300 B.C.) was a remarkably accurate calendar (5). The Dogon people of Mali amassed a wealth of detailed astronomical observations (6). Many of their discoveries were so advanced that some modern scholars credit their discoveries instead to space aliens or unknown European travelers, even though the Dogon culture is steeped in ceremonial tradition centered on several space events. The Dogon knew of Saturn’s rings, Jupiter’s moons, the spiral structure of the Milky Way and the orbit of the Sirius star system. Hundreds of years ago, they plotted orbits in this system accurately through the year 1990 (6). They knew this system contained a primary star and a secondary star (now called Sirius B) of immense density and not visible to the naked eye.
Metallurgy and tools Many advances in metallurgy and tool making were made across the entirety of ancient Africa. These include steam engines, metal chisels and saws, copper and iron tools and weapons, nails, glue, carbon steel and bronze weapons and art (2, 7).
Advances in Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago surpassed those of Europeans then and were astonishing to Europeans when they learned of them. Ancient Tanzanian furnaces could reach 1,800°C — 200 to 400°C warmer than those of the Romans (8).
Expenditures refer to sums of money that governments, whether local or not, use to pay bills, such as obligatory settlements or payment of liabilities, and to pay for goods and services such as health system, infrastructure, security, defense, and education, that satisfy people's needs, and that aims at contributing to the nation's welfare.
Martin Luther Emphasized the authority of the Bible over the authority of the pope. He was concerned on how much the christian people started to treat pope as some sort of Holy person that should be obeyed whatever his policies are
Greece is one of the safest countries in Europe, and has an easy-going, relaxed feel. I felt 100% safe wandering all over Athens, day or night. Basic precautions with regard to personal belongings will prevent rare cases of petty theft.
British began to show interest in the American colonies because of its economic benefits. British established colonies in America so that they could profit economically through trade and raw materials. The British needed raw materials for their factories. The British colonies in America expected to provide cotton, fur, timber, etc.
