The loan from d to e represents evaporation
Minerals, just think about it you know rocks have minerals in it, water has minerals and soil is rock almost.
Answer:
when marine water evaporates
3,000 kilijoules.
You go from 300,000 at the first trophic level to 30,000 at the second trophic level, and finally 3,000 at teh third.
Speciation can be difficult to observe in nature, but the it is hypothesized that the following occurs in a allopatric speciation's intermediate stage:
(1) closely related species are differentiated through geographic variation (2) then there's reduced fertility in one a geographic race of the species (3) and in the geographic race of subspecies that are to become species.
