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mash [69]
3 years ago
8

The price of oil in international markets has dropped stunningly 60% in the past twelve months. Among the factors mentioned behi

nd this drastic fall is the millions of barrels of oil produced in the US called shale oil and analyze:
a. The market struc ture for oil industry.
b. The supply and demand for oil in that market structure.
c. The pricing of oil at the presence of OPEC and the role of Speculators.
d. Why shale oil is a substitute for oil and explain the news in regard to the Cross elasticity of demand.
Business
1 answer:
IRISSAK [1]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

a. The market structure for oil industry.

The market structure is monopolistic competition: there are many competitors, that hold some market power, but not as much as in oligopoly. The good that is offered is not as homogenous as in agricultural markets, and this is the reason why it is not a perfect-competition structure either.

b. The supply and demand for oil in that market structure.

Supply and demand is determined more or less freely in the market. Producers hold some market power so they charge a price that is a bit higher than the marginal cost, which would be the price in a perfect competition structure.

Consumers also have power in the demand curve because they have a fair number of options.

c. The pricing of oil at the presence of OPEC and the role of Speculators.

The OPEC forms an oligopoly, however, not all countries that produce oil are members of the OPEC, and this is why the market structure as a whole is not an oligopoly, but monopolistic competition.

Speculators can drive prices, but their influence is marginal in comparison to consumers as a whole.

d. Why shale oil is a substitute for oil and explain the news in regard to the Cross elasticity of demand.

Shale oil is a substitute because it offers the same service: providing energy, and serving as a chemical component of many products.

As for the cross elasticity of demand, this means that when the price of oil increases, the demand for shale oil increases, because people flock to the substitute.

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Alex Karev has taken out a ​$ loan with an annual rate of percent compounded monthly to pay off hospital bills from his wife​ Iz
Tom [10]

Answer:

the question is incomplete, so I looked for a similar one:

<em>Alex Karev has taken out a ​$180,000 loan with an annual rate of 11% compounded monthly to pay off hospital bills from his wife​ Izzy's illness. If the most Alex can afford to pay is ​$3,500 per​ month, how long will it take to pay off the​ loan? How long will it take for him to pay off the loan if he can pay $4,000 per​ month?</em>

PVIFA = $180,000 / $3,500 = 51.42857

PVIFA = [1 - 1/(1 + i)ⁿ ] / i = [1 - 1/(1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ] / 0.11/12

51.42857 x 0.11/12 = 1 - 1/(1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ

0.47143 = 1 - 1/(1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ

1/(1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ = 1 - 0.47143 = 0.52857

1 / 0.52857 = (1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ

1.89189 = 1.009167ⁿ

n = log 1.89189 / log 1.009167 = 0.2769 / 0.003963 = 69.87

n = 69.87 months

PVIFA = $180,000 / $4,000 = 45

PVIFA = [1 - 1/(1 + i)ⁿ ] / i = [1 - 1/(1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ] / 0.11/12

45 x 0.11/12 = 1 - 1/(1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ

0.4125 = 1 - 1/(1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ

1/(1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ = 1 - 0.4125 = 0.5875

1 / 0.5875 = (1 + 0.11/12)ⁿ

1.70213 = 1.009167ⁿ

n = log 1.70213 / log 1.009167 = 0.23099 / 0.003963 = 58.29

n = 58.29 months

4 0
3 years ago
If Wild Widgets, Inc., were an all-equity company, it would have a beta of 0.9. The company has a target debt-equity ratio of .4
Veronika [31]

Answer:

a. 6.5%

b. 13.06%

c. 10.91%

Explanation:

a.

Cost of debt of a bond is yield to maturity. Yield to maturity is the rate of return that a investor actually receives or a borrows actually pays on a bond. It is long term return or payment which is expressed in annual term.

Formula for yield to maturity is as follow

Yield to maturity = [ C + ( F - P ) / n ] / [ (F + P ) / 2 ]

By placing values in the formula

Assuming the bond face value is $1,000

Yield to maturity = [ (1000x7.2) + ( 1,000 - $1,090 ) / 20 ] / [ ( 1,000 + $1,090 ) / 2 ]

Yield to maturity = [ $72 + ( 1,000 - $1,090 ) / 20 ] / $1,045

Yield to maturity = [ $72 - $4.5 ] / $1,045

Yield to maturity = $67.5 / $1,045

Yield to maturity = 6.5%

So, the cost of Debt is 6.5%

b.

As 0.9 is the unlevered beta, We need Levered beta due to restructuring of capital.

Beta Levered = Beta Unlevered x ( 1 + ( 1 - tax rate ) x Debt / Equity)

Beta Levered = 0.9 x ( 1 + ( 1 - 0.35 ) x 0.4 )

Beta Levered = 1.134

Cost of equity can be calculated using CAPM

CAPM calculated the expected return on an equity investment based on the risk free rate, market premium and risk beta of the investment.

Formula for CAPM is as follow

Expected return = Risk free Rate + Beta ( Market premium)

As we know the Risk premium is the difference of market return and risk free rate.

Expected return = Risk free Rate + Beta ( Market Return - Risk free Rate )

Ra = Rf + β ( Rm - Rf )

Ra = 4.1% + 1.134 ( 12% - 4.1% )

Ra = 13.06%

Cost of Equity is 13.06%

c.

WACC is the average cost of capital of the firm based on the weightage of the debt and weightage of the equity multiplied to their respective costs.

According to WACC formula

WACC = ( Cost of equity x Weightage of equity )+ ( Cost of debt ( 1- t) x Weightage of debt )

Placing the values in formula

If the debt to equity 0.4  the equity value should be 1 and total capital is 1.4 ( 1 + 0.4 )

WACC = ( 13.06% x 1 / 1.4 )+ ( 6.5% ( 1- 0.35) x 0.4 / 1.4 ) = 9.71% + 1.2% = 10.91%

WACC is 10.91%

4 0
3 years ago
Which of the following is TRUE of debt securities? (A) Debt securities include preferred stocks. (B) Debt securities typically p
Bingel [31]

Answer:

The statement which is correct and true is that the debt securities usually pay interest for the fixed period or year. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Explanation:

Debt securities are the securities which refer to a debt instrument like CD (Certificate of deposit, preferred stock, corporate bond and municipal bond, it is sold or bought among the parties.

It is also called as the securities which are fixed income, therefore, the statement which is correct is that these securities pay interest for a fixed period.

6 0
3 years ago
Carol Miller went to Europe and forgot to pay her $880 mortgage payment on her New Hampshire ski house. For her 63 days overdue
agasfer [191]
I think the rate of interest is 14 hope this helps

Because if you divide 880 by 63 you would just keep 14 without adding
7 0
3 years ago
A bond with 16 years to maturity and a semiannual coupon rate of 4.93 percent has a current yield of 5.29 percent. The bond's pa
zhannawk [14.2K]

Answer:

Price of bond= $1,922.92

Explanation:

<em>The value of the bond is the present value(PV) of the future cash receipts expected from the bond. The value is equal to present values of interest payment plus the redemption value (RV). </em>

Value of Bond = PV of interest + PV of RV  

Semi-annual interest = 4.93% × 2,000 × 1/2 =49.3

Semi-annual yield = 5.29%/2= 2.65%

PV of interest payment

PV = A (1- (1+r)^(-n))/r

A- 49.3, r-0.02645, n- 16×2

= 49.3× (1-(1.02645)^(-10)/0.02645)  

= 1,055.521

PV of redemption Value

<em>PV = F × (1+r)^(-n) </em>

F-2000, r-0.02645, n- 16 ×2

PV = 2,000 × 1.02645^(-16×2)

PV = 867.402

Price of Bond  

1055.52  + 867.40 =1,922.92

= $1,922.92

4 0
3 years ago
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