The concept of internal human stability which is also a central concept of human physiology which you're talking about/asking a question about would be homeostasis. By a homeostatis we're talking about a very narrow interval of functioning in which people function best and have optimal working efficiency.
They are used in manufacturing of drugs(antibiotics ) like penicillin that is used to save lives
They are used in the production of chemicals like pesticide
They are good source of citric acid(vitamin C)
They help in the breakdown of plant fibre and allows the nutrients to be released into the soil
They are used as model research organism
Answer:
Firstly they are too big to pass through the natural pores of the cell membrane the way water molecules do through aquaporins. Secondly, they would not pass through the hydrophobic layer of the cell membrane because the sodium ions are charged. This is because the hydrophobic layer does not interact positively with charged molecules/ions. Additionally, because sodium ions would be traveling up the concentration gradient into the cell, there is need for active transport. The channels proteins are able to harness energy from ATP to actively transport the sodium ions into the cell.
Thalassemia is a result of a quantitative production causing mutation in globin genes. The hemoglobin which is the protein being affected in thalassemia is consist of heme, alpha globins and beta globins. Any changes in the following causing abnormalities leading to disorders of heme production and above mentioned elements.
