The rocks near the mid-ocean ridge were younger then rock near trenches. Matching bands of magnetic rocks were found on either side of the mid-ocean ridge; bands like tree ring - record changes in earths magnetic field over time. Earthquake data showed oceanic crust is sinking on to the mantle at trenches.
Because the vaccine is an antigen from living, weakened or killed microorganisms that activate the immune system and the body produces protective antibodies.