Answer:
The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.
Explanation:
The mathematical models of Lotka-Volterra equations explain the existing interaction between species in which prey and predator influence and affect each other. The model follows a few assumptions,
- The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
- The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
- In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
- When there is no prey, the predator population decreases exponentially because of the lack of food. The predator environment is ideal, but it is limited by prey density.
- The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
- The predators affect the prey populations, inducing its decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
- The prey population also influences the predator population proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.
In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of prey items.
The parameters are always constant:
• r1: prey growth rate.
• a1: predator hunting success.
• r2: predator growth rate.
• a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.
In nature, many factors affect interactions, such as dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also, in reality, there are stochastic factors. Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.
In real situations, the compliance of the whole assumption does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, constantly changing the interaction between the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in varying circumstances for both species.
Answer:
Option c (
) is the correct alternative.
Explanation:
Given:
Common ancestor,
= 50 million years ago
Base differences,
= 92
Now,
The predicted mutation rate will be:
= 
= 
= 
or,
=
Thus the above solution is the right one.
Answer:
Explanation:
Symbol Representation
I- laci mutant cannot bind to the operator
Is laci mutant always bind to the operator
OC Operator mutant that prevent repressors binding
F’ the wild type operator, O+, and laci gene on a plasmid
L lacZYA genes
I+ O+ L+ Inducible
I+ OC L+ Constitutive
I+ OC L+, F’ Constitutive
I- O+ L+, F’ Inducible
Is O+ L+ no transcription
Is O+ L+, F’ no transcription
To detect immunoglobulin m (IgM)antibodies in an acute phase, blood should be collected 7 days after the onset of infection.
- IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 may both be found shortly after infection. IgG is typically detectable for extended periods of time, but IgM is most effective for diagnosing recent infection and typically becomes undetectable weeks to months after infection.
- IgM antibody detection is frequently viewed as a sign of an acute infection. Due to cross-reactivity with IgM antibodies to other, closely related bacteria or other interfering chemicals, false-positive IgM findings are, nonetheless, frequently observed.
- A positive IgM result may not always indicate an "acute" infection, and additional testing (such as IgG testing) may be required to interpret results because IgM antibodies may be detectable for 2-4 months (or longer) after disease resolution.
- For many infections, the onset of a measurable antibody response is 5-7 days after the infection. If samples are taken before infection, the initial IgM test results may be negative. Antibody production Immunosuppressed patients may also continue to be seronegative.
Learn more about antibodies here brainly.com/question/14081504
#SPJ4.
<h3>Anthrax is an uncommon, but deadly, disease produced by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium.</h3>
<u>Explanation</u>
- Anthrax bacteria usually enter the body through a skin wound. You can have become infected if you intake tainted meat or inhale the spores.
- ID50, the number of microorganisms needed to create a demonstrable infection by 50 percent.
- The ID50 for cutaneous anthrax attributable to Bacillus anthracis is 10-50 endospores, while the ID50 for inhalation anthrax is 10,000 to 20,000 endospores.
- Ciprofloxacin is the alternative treatment for anthrax when mutated forms are identified. It is suggested for post- inhalation anthrax.
