The answer for this is the telegraph because it is way older then the second industrial revolution because the telegraph was created in 1843 and the second industrial revolution started in the 1870 all the way to 1914.
How did the Babylonian captivity of the church contribute to the decline of the papacy in the 14th century? -The popes were living in Avignon apart from Rome, the traditional see of Peter, the papal "line" was in question. -King Philip had filled the school of cardinals with Frenchmen.
These are the notes that I got from class
