If you compare the original DNA with the mutated DNA, the first C got “substituted” by an A after the mutation.
So the answer is (C) substitution.
Answer:
well, I'm no college student but using common sense you need more than one so when one fails the other can come in and hopefully succeed.
Explanation:
The proprioceptors
The proprioceptors such as muscle
spindle and golgi tendon organ are sensors located in the limbs. The proprioceptors
give information about muscle length, muscle tension and joint angle which is coordinated
to provide information about the limb’s position in space.
Simple version:
First, the section with the desirable gene must be identified. Assuming that has already happened, the section of DNA must be excised from the original genome using restriction enzymes, which recognize certain DNA sequences and snip DNA at those sites. DNA ligase is used to "glue" these ends back together. The DNA is inserted into a plasmid (also with restriction enzymes), which would usually contain antibiotic-resistance genes (so they survive in an environment containing the antibiotic, which would also help show if the bacteria have been successfully transformed).
Then comes the actual transformation process. The bacteria to be transformed are mixed with calcium chloride (which causes the bacteria to be more receptive to the plasmids) and then mixed with the plasmids. The bacterial cells are subjected to a heat shock (the solution is heated and rapidly cooled, e.g. by placing the mixture in a hot water bath and quickly transferred to ice) so they will take up the plasmid (since the temperature change makes the membrane more permeable). The bacteria are placed on a growth medium containing the antibiotic they're resistant to. Only those successfully transformed would survive.
