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Mademuasel [1]
3 years ago
12

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: A. substantially increases the penalties for corporate wrongdoing. B. gives corporations greater freedom

from government control. C. adopts the theory of allocational efficiency. D. motivates executives to inflate reports of corporate profits.
Business
2 answers:
Sonja [21]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

A. substantially increases the penalties for corporate wrongdoing.

Explanation:

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is a federal law that instituted thorough auditing and financial regulations for public companies. This legislation was created by Lawmakers to protect investors, employees as well as the public from fraudulent financial practices and accounting mishaps. It was passed as a result of the accounting scandals of major corporations including Enron and WorldCom, which resulted in losses running into billions of dollars by investors. These massive losses negatively affected the financial markets and put investors on high alert

The law reduces the freedom of corporations by the government, hence, <u>option B is wrong</u>

The law was passed to curb fraudulent practises not to adopt the theory of allocational efficiency, hence, <u>option C is wrong</u>

The law <u>discourages</u> executives to inflate reports of corporate profits, hence, <u>option D is wrong</u>

The law substantially increases the penalties for corporate wrongdoing,  hence, <u>option A is right</u>

Mamont248 [21]3 years ago
5 0

Answer: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act increases the penalties for corporate wrongdoing. (A)

Explanation:

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed to reduce corporate fraud. The Act led to the creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board which was in charge of overseeing the accounting industry. Protection was given to whistleblowers and giving company loans to executives was banned. Chief executive officers were also held responsible for errors made in accounting audits.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was as a result of financial scandals involving publicly traded firms such as WorldCom, Tyco International Plc and Enron Corporation in 2000. The frauds in the companies affected the confidence of investors which eventually led to the Act.

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Rank the following instruments in terms of credit risk. In your rankings, use 1 for the greatest credit risk and 4 for the small
bija089 [108]

Answer:

a. A Ba1 corporate bond <u>2 (not investment grade)</u>

b. A ten-year BBB- corporate bond with a YTM of 7% <u>3 (medium risk but still investment grade)</u>

c. A secured loan from Argosy Gaming, which is a B- rated firm <u>4 (less risky since it is backed by a collateral)</u>

d. A senior subordinated bond from Argosy Gaming <u>1 (highest risk)</u>

Explanation:

There are two major bond rating agencies in the US: Moody's and Standard & Poor's.

Their rankings are very similar, although the letters vary a little:

AAA: safest

AA: low risk

A: low risk

BBB: medium risk

BB: a little bit more riskier

B: risky

CCC: very high risk

CC: even riskier

C: riskiest

D: junk, in default

8 0
3 years ago
The National Income and Product Accounts identity states:__________A) Expenditure  Production  Income.B) Production  Expendit
zaharov [31]

Answer:

I. National Income Accounting:

National income accounts are an accounting framework is useful in measuring economic activity.

A. Three approaches—all produce the same measurement of the production of the economy.

1. product approach: how much output is produced

2. income approach: how much income is created by production

3. Expenditure approach: how much purchasers spend

B. Why all three approaches are the same: Assumes no unsold goods (at this point) then the market values of goods and services produced must equal the amount buyers spend to purchase them (product approach=expenditure approach). What the seller receives (income) must equal what is spent (expenditure).

II. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A. GDP vs. GNP

GNP= output produced by domestically owned factors or production. (By our people)

GDP= includes production produced by foreign owed factors of production within the countries border and excludes domestically owned production in foreign countries. (On our soil)

1. GDP = GNP – net factor payment from abroad (NFP)

2. How big is the difference?

B. Product approach: The market value of all final goods and services produced within a nation during a fixed period of time.

1. Market value: allows comparison between different goods. Has some problems – ignores some goods. underground economy, and government services.

2. Final goods and service: Treatment of inventories; Capital goods; Avoids double counting; Value added.

3. New production: Ignores goods produced in previous periods

C. Expenditure approach: Total spending on final goods and services produced within a nation during a specified period of time.

1. Income expenditure identity and four categories of spending: Consumption (C), Investment (I), government purchases of goods and services (G) and net exports (NX)

Y = C + I + C + NX

2. Consumption(C): Spending by domestic households on final goods and services

a. Consumer durable goods: Long lasting goods

b. Nondurable goods used up quickly

c. Services

3. Investment (I): Spending on new capital goods by business

a. Business fixed investment

b. Residential fixed investment

c. Inventory investment: Changes in the amount of unsold goods, goods in progress and new materials

4. Government purchases of goods and services (G):

a. State and local vs. Federal spending

b. Transfers and interest payments on debt are not counted. They are counted in total government expenditure which is not the same as government purchases of goods and services.

5. Net exports (NX): exports minus imports

a. Need to subtract imports since they are counted in C. I and G can add goods produced within the country purchased by foreign interests (exports).

D. Income approach adds up income received by producers, including profits and taxes paid to the government

1. Income generated by production

a. National income =

compensation of employees

+ proprietors income

+ rental income of persons

+ corporate profits

+ net interest

+ taxes on production

+ business transfers

+ surplus of gov enterprises

b. National income + statistical discrepancy = Net National Product (NNP)

Note: This changed a couple years ago. If you have an old addition, you may see the indirect business tax. It is no long used in this equation!

c. NNP + depreciation = GNP

d. GNP – NFP = GDP

2. Income of private sector and government

a. Private disposable income = income of private sector = private sector income earned at home (Y or GDP) and abroad (NFP) + payments from the government sector (transfers TR and interest on debt INT) – taxes paid to government (T) = Y + NFP + TR + INT – T

b. Government net income = T- TR – INT

III. Saving and Wealth

A. Wealth Difference between assets and liabilities

B. Measures of aggregate savings

1. Saving = current income – current spending; saving rate = saving/current income

2. Private saving (Spvt) Spvt = Y + NFP – T + TR + INT – C

3. Government Saving (Sgovt) Sgovt = T – TR- INT – G

a. Government saving = Government budget surplus (deficit = -Sgovt)

4. National Saving= private saving + government saving

S = Spvt + Sgovt = Y + NFP - C – G = GNP - C – G

C. The uses of private saving

1. S = I + (NX + NFP) = I + CA

CA = NX + NFP = current account balance

2. The use of savings identity

Spvt = I – Sgovt + CA

If the budget deficit increases one or a combination of the following happen

1) private saving must rise

2) investment must fall

3) the current account balance must fall

IV. Prices Indexes, Inflation and Interest Rates

A. Nominal vs. Real variables

Nominal Variables – Measures the economic variable in terms of the current market value.

Real Variable—Measure the variable valued at the prices in a base year.

B. Real vs. Nominal: Calculation the differences

Examples Small country only produces base balls and baseball bats

Explanation:

3 0
3 years ago
Consider a household consisting of four college friends. The friends have made a commitment to live together for the next five y
noname [10]

Answer:

  • move
  • none are tied

Explanation:

See the attached for a spreadsheet of the values given in the problem statement. We have simply added the salary to the value of the preference and subtracted the one-time moving expense.

The right-most column shows the net increase in value of moving to Miami for each of the householders. Bonnie achieves so much more value that her net value outweighs the rather significant hit in value that Donna experiences.

If the vote is by net value to the householders, they must vote to move. There are no householders that have a net zero change in value.

_____

<em>Comment on democracy</em>

A decision based on net value does not account for the rather significant cost to Donna. If the household values mental health and interpersonal relationships, the fact that one member suffers badly from the move should be enough to sway the decision against it.

5 0
2 years ago
You are evaluating a fund that had an annual average return of 7.2%. During that time, the average risk-free rate was 1.5% and t
PilotLPTM [1.2K]

Answer:

Risk free rate(Rf) = 1.5%

Market return(Rm) = 8%

Beta(β) = 0.8

ER(P) = Rf  + β(Rm – Rf)

ER(P) = 1.5 + 0.8(8-1.5)

ER(P) = 1.5 + 0.8(6.5)

ER(P) = 1.5 + 5.2

ER(P) = 6.7%

Alpha = Annual average return - ER(P)

         = 7.2% - 6.7%

         = 0.5%

Explanation:

In this case, we will calculate the expected return on the stock based on CAPM. Thereafter, we will calculate alpha by deducting the expected return from annual average return.

7 0
3 years ago
chapter 16 discusses evaluative criteria and chapter 18 discusses postpurchase cognitive dissonance. what are some things that a
Tems11 [23]

Amazon may have to make recommendations for the items that the consumer wants to purchase. They would also make suggestions as well.

The company can also ensure to keep the information and data of the shoppers safe on their website.

<h3>How Amazon can help the customers</h3>

Based on the item and comparable searches made by consumers looking for similar kinds of things, Amazon can offer a set of recommendations and ideas. It is possible to track drones that have been assigned to deliver products online.

Additionally, features like "try and buy" can be added, allowing the customer to return the item at their doorstep after giving it a try. The return process should follow a similar pattern to how quickly orders are delivered so that customers do not encounter any problems after making a purchase. Customers will undoubtedly feel more at ease about their shopping experience as a result, and any post-purchase issues will be diminished.

Read more on Amazon here: brainly.com/question/11776305

#SPJ1

8 0
1 year ago
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