Central dogma is done by all cells which involves the process of DNA replication, transcription and translation. DNA replication involves making of a new DNA molecule to copy the genetic information and takes place in the nucleus of a cell while Transcription is the formation of a mRNA from DNA molecule by RNA polymerase a process that takes place in the nucleus. Translation involves formation of polypeptides from the messenger RNA which takes place in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in an organelle known as ribosomes.
A bacterial infection of the periodontium that causes rapid attatchment loss and poor response to periodontal therapy has a grade of Aggressive periodontal disease
<h3>Periodontium </h3>
The cementum, gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone make up the complex structure known as the periodontium. The periodontium's main purposes are to protect the underlying structures of the tooth from the oral microflora and to enable the tooth to connect to the bone.
An orthokeratinized or parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium makes up the gingival epithelium. The gingiva, which has connective tissue and epithelial components, covers the supracrestal root surface and the alveolar bone. As it lines the gingival sulcus close to the tooth surface (enamel or cementum) and subsequently joins to it with hemidesmosomes, the gingival (oral) epithelium develops into the sulcular epithelium and junctional epithelium.
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Reflecting telescopes
Telescopes that use lenses are called refracting telescopes. The other type uses mirrors to focus the light of the image. These telescopes are called reflecting telescopes. Refracting telescopes use lenses to bend the light to a specific focal point such that the object will be magnified to the viewer.
light microscope
Optical instruments are based on optics. They use mirrors and lenses to reflect and refract light and form images. The light microscope and telescope use convex lenses and mirrors to make enlarged images of very tiny or distant objects. A camera uses a convex lens to make a reduced image of an object.
Refracting telescopes use lenses to focus the light, and reflecting telescopes use mirrors. I'll talk first about refracting ones. Refracting telescopes work by using two lenses to focus the light and make it look like the object is closer to you than it really is. Both lenses are in a shape that's called 'convex'.
the reflector telescope uses a mirror to gather and focus light. All celestial objects (including those in our solar system) are so far away that all of the light rays coming from them reach the Earth as parallel rays. Because the light rays are parallel to each other, the reflector telescope's mirror has a parabolic shape. The parabolic-shaped mirror focusses the parallel lights rays to a single point. All modern research telescopes and large amateur ones are of the reflector type because of its advantages over the refractor telescope.
Advantages
Reflector telescopes do not suffer from chromatic aberration because all wavelengths will reflect off the mirror in the same way.
Support for the objective mirror is all along the back side so they can be made very BIG!
Reflector telescopes are cheaper to make than refractors of the same size.
Because light is reflecting off the objective, rather than passing through it, only one side of the reflector telescope's objective needs to be perfect.
Disadvantages
It is easy to get the optics out of alignment.
A reflector telescope's tube is open to the outside and the optics need frequent cleaning.
Often a secondary mirror is used to redirect the light into a more convenient viewing spot. The secondary mirror and its supports can produce diffraction effects: bright objects have spikes (the ``christmas star effect'').
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It will can cause infertile offspring (the offspring can't have kids)
Answer;
ADP
Explanation;
-ATP molecule actsas the major energy molecule used by the cells. ATP synthase located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, catalyses the formation of ATP, as a result of protons concentration gradient.
-The enzyme generates ATP from adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate through a process called oxidative phosphorylation, which is the process by which enzymes oxidize nutrients to form ATP.
