"they can be harmful or neutral" is the statement among the following statements given in the question that is true with respect to the characteristics of mutations. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the second option or option "B". I hope the answer helps you.
Answer:
The correct answer is: d.a nonpolar side chain.
Explanation:
- Protein can be defined as one of the factors which determine the structure as well as the function of a cell.
- Proteins are composed of polymeric chains of polypeptides, which are made up of amino acid monomers linked to each other by peptide bonds.
- Amino acids can be broadly categorised into non-polar and polar based on the nature of the side chain.
- The non-polar amino acids possess hydrocarbon side-chains which are hydrophobic in nature, so they tend to avoid interaction with water molecules and usually remain in the protein interior. They are uncharged and cannot form any hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
- The polar amino acids possess charged or polar side-chains which are hydrophilic in nature, so they tend to undergo interaction with water molecules and usually remain on the protein surface. They can form hydrogen bonds with molecules of water.
- Beta sheets can be defined a secondary structure of the protein in which the polypeptide sequence forms horizontal strands which are linked to each other by loops. Each strand interact with each other by the formation of hydrogen bonds between the C=O group of one peptide (amide) bond in one strand with the N-H group of another peptide (amide) bond in another strand.
- Apart from these bonds, the non-polar side chains of each amino acid in one strand forms hydrophobic or Van der Waals interactions with the non-polar side chains of each amino acid in the other strand. The polar or charged side chains of the amino acids on each strand form either hydrogen bonds with water molecules or with oppositely charged side chains.
- In the given question, glycine and alanine are non-polar amino acids but serine is a polar amino acid. The side-chains of the non-polar amino acids will tend to face towards the interior of the beta sheet thereby forming hydrophobic interactions with each other, while the serine will tend to face the exterior of the beta sheet so that it can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
- As the number of non-polar amino acids is far more than polar amino acids so the effect of non-polar amino acids will prevail in the beta-sheet.
Answer: Energy is not recycled once it passes from producer to consumer to decomposer.
The energy flow in an ecosystem in the form of food from one organism to other is food chain. It comprises mainly of three types of organisms producers or autotrophs, consumers or heterotrophs and decomposers. The energy flow in food chain or food web is unidirectional from plants which are the primary producers to primary consumers or herbivores, then to secondary consumers or carnivores and finally to the decomposers. On its unidirectional flow the energy is lost in different form such as heat loss, decay, respiration etc. The energy passed from one level to another is not the same and gets lost in the process so when the energy is received from one tropic level to another it is always less than that received by the previous tropic level.
Answer:
C. RNA polymerases.
Explanation:
Bacteria has a primitive type of RNA polymerase while archaeal RNA ploymerase is more advanced and complex than that of bacterial. The structure of archaeal RNA ploymerase has more resemblance with RNA polymerase II of eukaryotes. The RNA polymerase of bacteria requires sigma factor for transcription initiation whereas the RNA ploymerase of archaea requires transcription factors for transcription initiation just like eukaryotes.
