The coral fossil would be a better estimate of past water depth. This is because most corals inhabit shallow water reefs, less than 150 feet deep. In contrast, pelagic fish may inhabit any open water (pelagic) part of the ocean, with depths ranging anywhere from a couple of hundred feet deep to miles in depth.
A macrophage may engulf a pathogen by endocytosis, which involves the reorganization of actin microfilaments in the membrane and microtubules in the cytoskeleton.
<h3>What is endocytosis?</h3>
Endocytosis is a cellular process by which a cell can absorb materials from the surrounding medium, such as viruses and bacteria in the case of macrophages.
Microfilaments and microtubules are proteins that form part of the cytoskeleton and dynamic conformational changes of them are associated with the cytoskeletal rearregement during the phagocytic process.
The actin microfilaments in the membrane and microtubules in the cytoskeleton form part of the process of endocytosis because they need to reorganize during cell movement.
In conclusion, a macrophage may engulf a pathogen by endocytosis, which involves the reorganization of actin microfilaments in the membrane and microtubules in the cytoskeleton.
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<span>Lafora disease is the most severe teenage-onset progressive epilepsy, a unique form of glycogenosis with perikaryal accumulation of an abnormal form of glycogen, and a neurodegenerative disorder exhibiting an unusual generalized organellar disintegration. The disease is caused by mutations of the EPM2A gene, which encodes two isoforms of the laforin protein tyrosine phosphatase, having alternate carboxyl termini, one localized in the cytoplasm (endoplasmic reticulum) and the other in the nucleus. To date, all documented disease mutations, including the knockout mouse model deletion, have been in the segment of the protein common to both isoforms. It is therefore not known whether dysfunction of the cytoplasmic, nuclear, or both isoforms leads to the disease. In the present work, we identify six novel mutations, one of which, c.950insT (Q319fs), is the first mutation specific to the cytoplasmic laforin isoform, implicating this isoform in disease pathogenesis. To confirm this mutation's deleterious effect on laforin, we studied the resultant protein's subcellular localization and function and show a drastic reduction in its phosphatase activity, despite maintenance of its location at the endoplasmic reticulum.
I got my information from </span>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14722920
There have be found some fossils of ancient remains over the years. What the fossils from Atapuerca revealed about the hominins living in Europe at this time is below:
- The Skull is known to show Interbreeding that took place with neandertals and their relatively healthy population.
- The Fragment shows that there was a possibility of cannibalism in that area.
It shows that possible cannibalism took place as there were Cutmarks on various hominin bones found at Atapuerca mirror.
The relatively healthy population was found out through the study of the dentition of the Atapuerca hominins by anthropologists. It gave them a view into their diet and overall health.
The interbreeding with the Neandertals was shown through the Nuclear DNA that was gotten from bones and teeth of bones found at Sima de los Huesos
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Answer:
Nitrogen is a naturally occurring element that is essential for growth and reproduction in both plants and animals. It is found in amino acids that make up proteins, in nucleic acids, that comprise the hereditary material and life's blueprint for all cells, and in many other organic and inorganic compounds.
Explanation:
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